Mergers and Acquisitions in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Mergers and Acquisitions in the drug companyceutical IndustryIntroductionMergers be do to expand the business and improve profitability by companies with interchangeable consent. Acquisitions occur when one company rewards over another which may be friendly or hostile. Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) atomic number 18 actively taking place in the pharmaceutical companyceutical and biotech organizations and this social movement is expected to prevail for the next one to cardinal years. The bio-pharma industry is dynamic and is currently changing focus from RD to licensing and give awaysourcing. So before any MA activity a strategy formulation is very(prenominal) essential with emphasis on creating a competitive favour for the business.Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) are generally done with the following motives to exploit economy of eggshell, to eliminate duplicated functions, to pct managerial expertise, synergy, taxation, marketplace power because of decreased competition . MA that are done with reduced competition as motive are socially inconceivable and il wakeless as they lead to monopolistic scenarios. The MA may not be victorful in generating returns if the deal was remnantd with a broad(prenominal) price due to impulsive and enthusiastic deals. MA also leads to variegation which has proved to be beneficial in stabilizing the returns.A conjugation or acquisition is an extremely stressful process for those involved air losses, restructuring, and the imposition of a juvenile incorporated culture and identity do-nothing create uncertainty, anxiety and resentment among a companys employees. (Appelbaum 2000) Companies focus on the legal and financial issues involved with the MA and fail to pay care to the prospicient term effects same corporate identity and communication which greatly influence the employee motivation and productivity.The pharmaceutical industryThe Indian Pharmaceutical domain is currently the largest amongst the developin g nations. There is a worldwide structural trend evolving in pharmaceuticals and Indian companies play a key role in this framework, driven by their superior biotech and drug synthesis skills, high timbre and vertically integrated manufacturing assets, diverseiated business models and significant damage advantages. Companies crosswise the world are reaching out to their counterparts to take mutual advantage of the others core competencies in RD, Manufacturing, Marketing and the niche opportunities offered by the changing globular pharmaceutical environment. (Shukla 2006)The pharmaceutical sector offers an array of growth opportunities. This sector has evermore been dynamic in temperament and the pace of change has never been as rapid as it is now. To adapt to these changing trends, the Indian pharmaceutical and bioengineering companies have evolved distinctive business models to take advantage of their inherent strengths and the Borderless nature of this sector. (Shukla 2006) Environmental factorsThe changing environment in the bio-pharma industry is driving an increase activity of Mergers and acquisitions. In 2008, sales growth of prescribed drugs spherically has reached the utmost rate in since 2001. Along with this slowdown, the pharmaceuticals sector is faced with an increasingly dispute environment resulting from increasing patent expirations, growing generic sales, reducing saucily drug pipelines and stricter regulations. The biotechnology sector also faces increased regulatory challenges as well as shortage of credit.The patents are getting expired and on that point is increased competition for generic drugs. Patients are becoming more sensible and manage their own conditions. The healthcare models are thus changing. With such environmental pressures increasing the companies resort to MA as a tool for corporate growth. MA do not exceed their cost of capital. Still companies go for MA because of some strategies correspondingincreased market strengthconsolidating for cost reductionbroadening geographic coveragepipeline stuffing (Coles 2002) more or less recent MAThe US and atomic number 63an generics companies are scouting for alliances/buyouts at the back end of the chain, which would allow them to offset any manufacturing cost advantage held by companies in the developing markets. The Indian companies are looking at the front-end integration as building a front-end distribution set-up from scratch could take significant succession. (Shukla 2006)There are also entry barriers for companies from the developing countries and acquisitions determine it lenient for these organizations to find a foothold in the developed markets. For instance, at that place is a cultural and language barrier in Europe and Europe is high on the radar of Indian pharmaceutical companies. The sheer heterogeneity of Europe and the fragmented nature of its pharmaceutical market make acquisitions an easy route for entry into this region and the US creation the largest pharmaceutical market in the world will always interest the Indian pharma companies for its sheer size. (Shukla 2006)The acquisitions of RPG Aventis (by Ranbaxy) and Alpharma (by Cadila) in France are clear examples of acquisitions proving to be a give out on the companys profitability and return ratios for several years post acquisition. In several other cases acquisitions by Indian generic companies are gauzy and have been primarily to expand geographical reach while at the same time, shifting production from the acquired units to their cost-effective Indian plants. A a few(prenominal) have been to develop a bouquet of products. Other than Wockhardts acquisition of CP Pharma and Esparma, it has taken at least three years for the other global acquisitions to see break-even.Most of the acquiring companies have to pay greater attention to post merger integration as this is a key for success of an acquisition and Indian companies have to wake up to this fac t. Also, with the increasing stool of acquisitions, target valuations have substantially increased making it harder for Indian companies to fund.In January 2009, Pfizer entered into a merger agreement with Wyeth observed at US$68 billion. The deal is to be financed through a combination of cash, stock and debt. A consortium of banks will provide US$22.5 billion for the MA.In prove 2009, Roche acquired the remaining 44 percent of Genentech shares for an all-cash US$46.8 billion deal. Prior to the deal, Roche embossed US$39 billion through bond sales.In run into 2009, Merck Co. acquired Schering-Plough in a cash-stock deal worth US$41.1 billion. The cash component includes US$9.8 billion from Mercks cash reserves and US$8.5 billion act by JP Morgan Chase. (MA Outlook for pharmaceuticals 2009)If a company was acquired for its RD pipeline and development projects or platform technology, in majority of cases, the acquiring company failed to derive bountiful benefits and most of the projects were later discontinued or terminated. Diversified companies like Roche, JJ, Abbott and Novartis with devices, generics and symptomatic performed better as compared to pure pharmaceutical RD driven company like Pfizer and Merck.Strategies for successful MAThe industrys experience shows that megamergers often do not say the intended synergies, but rather tend to erode shareholder value and create major integration challenges, while not achieving improved new drug pipelines. (Alternatives to mega mergers 2009)Tetenbaum (1999) suggests an alternative set of seven key practices to assist with a successful merger or acquisitionClose involvement of tender Resources managers in the acquisition process they should have a say in whether or not the deal goes ahead.Building organisational capacity by ensuring that close attention is paid to the retention and recruitment of employees during the acquisition.Ensuring that the integration is focused on achieving the desired effect ( for example, cost savings), while at the same time ensuring that the core strengths and competences of the two companies are not damaged by the transition.cautiously managing the integration of the organisations cultures.Completing the acquisition process quickly, since productivity is harmed by the disorganisation and demoralisation that inevitably occur while the change is underway.Communicating effectively with everyone who will be affected by the change. Other authors agree that being truthful, open and forthright during an acquisition is vital in helping employees to care with the transition. (Appelbaum 2000)Developing a clear, standardised integration plan. Tetenbaum cites the example of Cisco Systems, which, like GE Capital, makes large numbers of acquisitions and has been able to learn from its experiences and build up tried-and-tested processes for carrying them out successfully. (Tetenbaum 1999)ConclusionThe companies may be heading towards more megamergers of the scale seen in the recent past or they may move towards littler strategic acquisitions. Deals in the biotechnology sector could increase further as small and mid-size biotechnology companies become increasingly willing to enter into deals at value prices. Large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are scouting just about for deals at much lower valuations, and the current trend of MA in generics is one to watch for in the future.Although there are many different opinions on precisely what causes so many mergers and acquisitions to fail, and on how these problems can be avoided, there are certain points that most analysts appear to agree on. It is astray accepted, for instance, that the human factor is a major cause of difficulty in making the integration between two companies work successfully. If the transition is carried out without sensitivity towards the employees who may suffer as a result of it, and without awareness of the vast differences that may exist between corporate cultures, the result is a stressed, unhappy and uncooperative workforce and consequently a drop in productivity.

A Case Study In IBM Services Information Technology Essay

A Case Study In IBM Services Information technology EssayImproving guest descents is the deployment and circumspection of the guests CRM cover. Outsourced call sexuality take a shit ar vacateed by an IBM profession partner. Customers choose the CRM activity comp angiotensin-converting enzyments that arrest their ineluctably Marketing, Sales and Customer Service. Balancing personify, the guest experience and revenue sweetening ar truly differentiate the impinging rivet (Pritchard, 2004).The stir content purlieu has repositiond dramatically in recent historic period. Early call focuss were monetary value centres, built to take advantage of the telephony technology of the time. Typically captive to mavin physical stead, they relied on interaction- found, frontline back up and had little financial exculpation of be. Frequent hand aways among actors created in incorporateencies, as did paper-intensive adjoines and product-establish structures.Today, t ake centres ar becoming attachly customer-focused and be gearing up to solve troubles and gene set revenue. A proliferation of channels is gift companies a variety of opportunities to communicate with their customers. And with more(prenominal)(prenominal) opportunities for up-selling and refreshing ways to abbreviated represents, the contact centre is transforming into a profit centre.As agreements make this transformation, they ar faced with identifying areas for change, reducing give up costs, providing a differentiated return, increasing sales, musical accompaniment a multichannel customer experience and leveraging technological advances. The challenges, coupled with increasing customer expectations, lose created a renewed focus on transforming the contact centre (Pritchard, 2004).IBM regional Contact spirit (RCC) exemplified what an ideal contact centre should be a atomic number 53 contact point which forgets effective, efficient and alter returns to part ners and clients through the consolidation of resources and function. The centre looks as a strategic comp angiotensin converting enzyment of IBMs own on-demand initiatives.Organizations are taking a new carry at governance of contact center functions and the way calls are handled. Traditionally, contact centers control been organized by geography and bloodline unit. Advance in telephony technology presents new opportunities for streamlining call handling and routing. Virtual contact center queues route calls to the appropriate mover, construeless of geography or division, allowing calls to be handled ground on factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as customer learn, the type of dealing or function, the value of the customer or the particular customer segment. This flowerpot assistance boost cost-effectiveness and bring more value to callers, since theyll deal with the beaver-qualified agent for their particular issue.Leading companies are excessively adopting a cross -functional approach to the organisational structure of contact center operations. In addition to geography-based help language functions, companies are turn outing world-wide Centers of Excellence for self-serve programs, customer data perplexity, work force forecasting and scheduling, metrics and reporting, and global queuing and call routing. TheseCenters of Excellence manage nominate processes globally, identify opportunities for modifyment and work with the operational good lecture functions to machine transformation-related change programs (IBM Business Consulting Services, 2004).IBM ValuesDedication to any(prenominal) clients success IBM employees are passionate about building unvoiced, long-lasting client relationships. This dedication spurs IBM to go above and beyond on its clients behalf. IBM sells products, work and solutions, but all with the culture of helping its clients succeed, however they measure success.Innovation that matters for our company and f or the world IBM employees are forward thinkers. IBM believes in progress, believes that the application of intelligence, reason and science cannister improve business, society and the human condition. IBM loves grand challenges, as well(p) as terrene improvements. Whatever the problem or the context, every IBM employee seeks ways to tackle it creatively to be an innovator.Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships IBM employees actively build relationships with all the constituencies of its business including clients, partners, communities, investors and fellow IBM employees. IBM builds trust by listening, hobby through and keeping its word.IBM MissionTo Drive knob Loyalty and juicy evolution through Service livery ExcellenceIBM VisionTo be the IT Service Provider of Choice in Asia pacificIBM CommitmentsGrowth Client ReferenceabilityDrive client bliss by aligning IBMs efforts to its clients business imperatives, priorities and challengesDelivery Service Exce llenceProtect its clients business through a strong go throughs posture and operational disciplineProvide competitive high character overhaul through standardization and automation change IBM Team for GrowthDevelop and nurture IBM people to play an active role in the globally integrated enterpriseIBM GoalsExcel in delivering competitive, high tincture and efficient IT service to its clientsMeet and exceed all IBM financial objectives get to and exceed IBM Quality targetsProtect the IBM brand by maintaining Satisfactory stomach posture and delivering with integrityPromote a culture where IBM work as One Team and promulgate better practiceEquip IBMs employees with skills and cognition to deliver quality go to its clients and make the right(a) investment in channeliseing and certificationAccelerate the development and growth of IBM manoeuverership geniusFoster communications to IBM round and ensure key messages are delivered in a timely and consistent mannerLiterature Re viewToday, IT departments are pressured into doing more with less, and that this leave alone require innovative approaches to management and operating staff. Innovations in technology are also inciteing this, as silos within operations, and amongst operations and the service desk and application development, are slowly being linkd by innovative management and monitoring software system solutions designed for modularity, cohesiveness and automation. Currently, IT services are delivered through a mix of structured and unstructured work activities. Structured activities rely primarily on standardized processes, procedures, and tools. In IT service adjudge and delivery, an increasingly popular standardization effort is embodied by Information applied science Infrastructure Libraries (ITIL) which prescribes processes for capacity management, availability management, service-level management, financial management to achieve high quality IT service (Bailey, Kandogan, Haber, Maglio, 2007). As IT departments plan to keep going this divide, it is all important(predicate) to keep in mind that the automation can indue us to pose more efficient, but we bequeath be sacrificing almost of the gains if we are not ordaining to leverage the advantages of automation as a transformative, cultural and process catalyst because they are interdependent.Definition of Terms in that location are many terms involve in implementing Call condense as an outsource business to the company and for IT outsource, it has its own standard to follow. For example, IBM conducts IT service delivery (ITSD) based on Information engineering Infrastructure program library (ITIL) standards.IT service management (ITSM or IT services) is a discipline for managing Information Technology (IT) organisations, philosophically centered on the customers perspective of ITs contribution to the business. ITSM stands in think contrast to technology-centered approaches to IT management and business int eraction. Feldman (2007) mentioned that Providers of IT services can no longer afford to focus on technology and their internal organization, they now have to consider the quality of the services they provide and focus on the relationship with customers.The Service Delivery Structure describes accumulations of the customers accumulated in the system. The derivative between flow-in, customer flow rate, and flow-out, service completed rate, determine stock level. The dynamics of service delivery management entrust be comprised of four feedback structures get the picture structure, capacity structure, cost structure, and service delivery structure. Service backlog or work in process, the stock of the service delivery structure, depending on customer flow or order rate and service completed rate or order fulfillment rate. Accumulations of stock stem from derivative of flow-in and flow-out at the points of time (Phoomphuang S., 2004).Service Desk is the place where exist the receipt a nd resolution of service requests, skilful guidance, communication, etc. The central contact point between users and IT staff (Steel, 2008). Also it is the first place that the customer contacts when they have a problem or any request.Service Level Management (SLM) ensures that the agreed services are delivered when and where they are supposed to be delivered. SLM is a very important concept concentrating on value which is an intangible concept. If this value is destroyed by breaching any part of the Service Level Agreements (SLAs), it can have slightly negative consequences for the service provider as the customer pass on be dissatisfied.Information Technologies Infrastructure Library (ITIL) ITIL best practices were first developed in the 1980s by the British governments Office of Government Commerce (OGC) erst called the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency. ITIL is a collection of best practices that have become widely observed in the IT service industry and a smal l framework of a number of significant IT practices, with comprehensive checklists, tasks, procedures, and responsibilities that are designed to be tailored to any IT organization. ITIL suggests that any IT operation should have few form of help desk where users of IT can ask questions or resolve problems. ITIL describes recommended best practices such as how to investigate and solve reported problems called into the operations help desk. These are the best practices and processes that are necessary for IT to process its applications in an efficient, controlled environment (Moeller, 2008).ITIL and IBM Service Delivery ProcessIBM has its own implementation of ITIL for IT service management. The service starts as soon as the covenant is signed between the customer and IBM. Service delivery and service reinforcing stimulus squad take control after contract is signed. IBM uses its own processes in order to deliver the services agreed contractually. IBM staff has to be familiar with these processes in order to deliver the services without any problem. These processes are standard and consistent across the bollock for IBM and they are collected on a lower floor different folders at IBM. These can be thought as related processes defined in ITIL collected under different titles. IBM procedures are confidential and cannot be described (Nazimoglu Ozsen, 2010).In business, the fit between the business dodge with respect to products and services provided to impertinent customers and the internal structure of the enterprise is critical for economic mental process and efficiency.Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) had concluded that the strategic alignment fits between external and internal business and IT strategies. Business strategy can drive IT strategy as well as the organizational and IT infrastructure, but IT strategy can also enable new and compound business strategies. Functional desegregation of business and IT makes IT a source of agonistic advantage.E nvironmentThe IBM regional Contact Centre (RCC) has empowered IBM Malaysia to be more responsive, variable, focused and resilient by enabling the company to respond with flexibility and speed to any customer demand, market opportunity or external threat.The RCC is the sixth regional centre that IBM has established in Malaysia, after the Asia pacific South Regional Administrative Support Centre, the Asean/ South Asia Regional technological Sales Support Centre, the Asean Regional Support Centre for Integrated Technology Services, the Asia Pacific South accounting system Centre, and the IBM Global Financing Regional Centre for Asean/ South Asia, Greater China and Korea.The RCC sustainments four prime business functions Teleweb selling suport services, backoffice customer put up services, and integrated technology support services, which cover the Asean region. The after part business function is the strategic outsourcing helpdesk which supports the Asia Pacific region.The RCC is the latest of the companys 11 regional shared-services centres and is equipped with a multilingual workforce that caters for nine languages, including Tagalog, Japanese, Korean and Thai.OrganizationIBM has eleven regional centres located in Malaysia to support the IBM lot globally. Six of these centres are Operational Headquarters (OHQs), a status awarded by the Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) to companies serving their offices regionally and globally. primed(p) in Plaza IBM, headquarters in Bandar Utama, these centres areIBM Asia Pacific Accounting centre Provides accounting services for IBM in Asia Pacific, such as costs and revenues, Inventory/PIMS, DSW Software Accounting, monthly financial closing and reporting, expense accounting, APSC, WTAC, IGF accounting, services accounting, business control, SOX, statutory accounts and country accounting operations.IBM Asia Pacific Competency centre Provides end-to-end administrative services, such as customer recor ds, loading of customer orders, contract preparation, scheduling (negotiating with several(a) plants in the world for supply to meet customer requirements), inventory management, billing, accounts receivable collection, systems controls and testing.Asia Pacific IBM Global Financing centre of Excellence Manages most of the administrative and back-office tasks for the whole of the Asia Pacific region, such as contract creation, lease inception and booking of contracts into a lease portfolio system. Supports contract management, fulfillment, pricing, financial planning and internal controls. It also centralized financial management information and planning support to IBMs country put acrossers and management groups across the Asia Pacific region. Other areas of support include administration, forecasting, budgeting and financial analysis.IBM World large-minded Competency centre Delivers efficient, global parking area processes, tools, and applications with standardization, simplif ication, and automation, in order to hasten IBMs positioning as a global integrated company.ASEAN Regional expert Sales Support centre Provides pre-sales good support and technical enablement to ASEAN, Asia Pacific and some other parts of the world which cover IBM hardware and software offerings.IBM Regional Contact centre (RCC) Provides integrated technology support services, pre-sales technical support and strategic outsourcing help-desk for the ASEAN region. Offers technical assistance in English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korea, Bahasa Malaysia, Bahasa Indonesia, Vietnam and Thai.IBM is a company that strives to lead in the creation, development and manufacture of the industrys most advanced information technologies (IT), including electronic computer systems, software, net workings systems, storage devices and microelectronics. The companys business in ASEAN/SA is primarily comprised of sales and distribution of services, hardware, and software. These offerings are bo lstered by IBMs research and development capabilities. IBM can also provide support depending on its customers needs. The fundamental strength of this poseur is IBMs ability to assemble the optimal mix of these offerings to design tailored solutions for customers. IBMs operations in ASEAN/SA cover countries including Singapore, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. IBM in Malaysia is a wholly-owned onshore subsidiary of IBM World Trade Corporation. In IBM Malaysia, in that respect are a few thousand employees of diverse backgrounds and talents serving in professional and support function roles, including regional positions. IBM Malaysia is committed to playing a major role in cultivating the use and development of IT in Malaysia, a mission that mirrors the Governments objective of making the country a regional and global hub of knowledge-based industries.IBM Malaysia is to be completely local organization in terms of expertise, 52% of our employees a re women. The company is also heavily involved in developing local capability through a string of alliances (Are you an IBMer, 2010). Moreover, IBMers collaborate every day with their over 390,000 colleagues with growing networks of clients, advocates, experts and peers and with our neighbors, local organizations and millions of people they have neer met and never will meet. This is simply how business is done in a globally integrating economy (About IBM, n.d) to support the integration of processes and operations IBM has globally Integrated Enterprise (GIE) governance. It puts the focus of decision makers on end users, productivity, standards, and integration to achieve maximum value from business transformation investments (BT/IT Governance, n.d). Furthermore, the GIE governance system emphasizes cross-functional and cross-unit aggroup. Leadership and management roles are designed to provide the whole way self-command of the end-to-end business model and create a means to uni onise processes and transformation initiatives across organizations (BT/IT Governance, n.d).IBM has chosen Malaysia for its regional contact centre to serve the Asean region amid keen interest shown by other nations to have one here. The IBM Asean Regional Contact Centre (RCC) is due to start operation in Cyberjaya in the middle of the year 2003.The RCC, to be managed by some 60 staff, would provide support services to IBM business units, business partners and customers in tail fin Asean countries cookly Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia. Currently, the numbers of IBM clients have increased and the support countries among Asia Pacific have also been added China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, India and Australia. Thus, the numbers of IBM RCC staff now have been increased to more than 100 including both local and international staff to support clients based on native languages offer.The support services include tele-sales and tele-marketing, customer support opera tions, and so on.LocaleIBM Malaysia Sdn Bhd is investing RM 8 million to set up its Customer Support Operation (CSO) center in Malaysia that would operate as a hub for end-to-end order procurement covering 17 countries in Asean and South Asia. The CSO allows electronic ordering from IBMS manufacturing plants, receiving orders from its customers and business partners, collaboration among co-workers through electronic mail and reenforcement of IBM Asean and South Asia business units and partners (IBM Malaysia to Spend RM8 MLN on Customer Centre, 2000).The location of IBMs CSO is in Cyberjaya. This department provides integrated technology support services, pre-sales technical support technical enablement, strategic outsourcing help-desk for the ASEAN region which cover IBM hardware and software. This department also provides post sales technical support and services and also hostile technical support for all IBM hardware and software. A customer support representative also will ass ist the clients about their contract enquires, placard enquires. IBM CSO Offers technical assistance in English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Bahasa Malaysia, Bahasa Indonesia, Korea, and Thai.The case study was conducted at IBM Regional Contact Centre (RCC), Cyberjaya. The company is focusing on IT outsourcing which offering IT support service desk or helpdesk to IBMs clients. There are only trine main departments at RCC Human Resource Recruitment, Financial and IT department. There are many sub departments under IT department, each department has its own name based on the client or project that their handle such as IGA (IBM Global Assistance), Merk, Maxis, Michelin, DBSchenker, Singapore Airline, BMW, Lenovo, JLL, DOW, Celestica, Philips, Affin Bank, and etc.Each department or team may have some different application based on clients application, but there are some applications and software that most of the team have such as Windows XP, Microsoft Office, Lotus notes, Sametime, Citrix (Mainframe), AS400 and others.The team will have their own Knowledge Management and Knowledge establish which provided by IBM databases, so they can find their source of knowledge, better brain and solve the problem within short period of time.IBM provides IT outsources to the clients based on Service Level Agreement (SLA) and Service Level Objectives (SLO).In IBM RCC, one manager and one agent can handle more than one projects, at least one person should support two projects based on Global Delivery Framework (GDF) standards. Both teams that an agent or manager handle may have some different and standardised applications to support.ProtagonistsThe case was conducting at IBM, Cyber Jaya. We made an appointment with one of Transition managers to be our audienceee. His name is Trevor Thum and his position is under Integrated Technology Delivery (ITD), goal User Support. Trevor is a young manager who handles many projects. He started working at IBM RCC as first level support service desk. later few months, he had become Windows support for Affin Bank project. Two years later, he has been promoted to be a manager.During the interview session, there was a helplessness most of IBM information are confidential and cannot be disclosed. However, he provided us some guidance for our reference.Referring to the organizational chart of a team, it will consist of manager, focal manager, team leader, and agents. The agents will be more than five depends on customers request and how large the project is. Moreover, if there is any issue from customers such as complaint, an agent will raise it to Team lead, then team leader will discuss with focal manager. Later on, both of them will have a meeting with Trevor and he will decide what should the team handle this complaint and prevent it in the future. If he cannot find the solution, he will propose it to his manager or upper level for patch up and explain to the customers for the mistaken or any other reasons.Furthe rmore, when there is an extra application requested by clients, manager will have a meeting for more information and explain to team leader to train all agents to ensure that everyone is educated and ready to support users before it launches.In addition, if there is a new client registered to IBM RCC, the top manager will assign the project to one of team manager who deserves for the project, then the team manager will have meeting with client for SLA, SLO, and other requirements based on customers request. After that the team manager will start to accept new agents to support customers and handle the call. For recruitments, the team manager will succor with Manpower on staff hiring. Once Manpower got a new view with qualification, they will make an appointment with team manager for interview session. Then the team manager will decide whether hire this candi take care or not. If IBM team manager decide to hire that agent, the agent will be first trained by Manpower staff and ho ld on with the training of particular project mentors by team leader and other experience agent. After one month of training, the team leader will do test call with the agent to make sure that the agent is expert enough to handle users calls and ready to Go Live (the date of project begins with IBM starting from the day that has been signed on SLA contract. The team performance will be depended on SLA and Key Performance Indicator (KPI).However, IBM will decide either to increase agents salary or monthly incentive amount based on agents daily performance, compliment from customers, and team contribution. shape 1. Team Organization StructureSituationNowadays, nobody disputes the IT importance as the backbone for commerce. IT implementation helps company to reduce operational cost and increase revenue and profit significantly, although some of company not so well in utilizing IT resources. Beside many good stories from some of company, others also have the bereavement story in adopt ing IT capabilities caused by collaboration or implication on high investment, structure complexity, dependencies, changes of arcs, dynamic environment, etc. Arguably, it affected the strategy educational activity of some company with IT and business alignment concept was proposed to improve mart competitiveness and increase financial performance. The concept comes at the picture to bridge the gaps of the difference between IT capabilities and business value whereby some organization break down to exploit the full latent of IT investment, adaptable infrastructure and service integration into their environment. Most company stayed still to look which product could be authentic by customer significantly and then come up with ringer product with achievable or imitable capabilities like the first one. It happened because the high arguing in the market place to locate, not only what product customers compulsion tremendously but also satisfaction and prestige point as well as the consideration. It involves high risky IT investment that might lead the financial become unbalanced so some organization became sincerely careful to make decision, better wait rather than as the pioneer.The trend of IT and business alignment such as virtual office, electronic transaction, off shoring, utilizing private cloud, clone product, high tech consumption, etc. IBM, HP and dingle see other opportunities in renting their knowledge in technical solution as the service to other companies. For IBM, the service delivery optimisation is not only about cost savings. IBM views optimization as the process of producing the highly efficient and dynamic infrastructure in exploiting full potential business value from IT investments, and of course emphasizing the responsive improvement and return on investment. IBM approached with holistic and client centre by the reduction of architectural complexity, integration and automation of IT process, business innovation support, customer expec tation satisfaction and scale more effectively. IBM has gone through hundred processes engaged various customers across industries in the two decades, these experience and knowledge should be inured as the critical asset of the organization or as the intelligent capital consists of solution templates and reference architectures. In short, IBM didnt learn service delivery optimization from a book IBM is writing the book. By establishing a clear savvy of an organizations optimization objectives and goals, IBM can help to ensure that IT investments are in alignment with the overall business strategy so that subsequent projects can provide real value.The evolution of IT from a technology to a business focus consider various factor drivers those are the compliance, complexity, speed of change and cost. The need to evolve IT should involve the three key ingredients at the kindling of service delivery optimization as well, which are IT governance, operating model and funding management while a deficiency in any of these areas will alter and disrupt the outcome significantly. Before the evolution takes the feel closer, the identification of IT environment also necessary for opportunities and optimization those are application and data, network, computing and storage, finance and process. For example, the business strategy of one company need to integrate the decentralize data store into centralize data store that need, its the chance to be utilized to remain competitive. Meanwhile, the different culture in organization might be consideration too, that make the difference in priorities, assets and process. IBM will elaborate the standard approach with the end-to-end solution that applies the industrys best practice in the reference architecture concepts.Figure 2 IBM strategical IT ModelThe strength of the relationship between customers (business side) and service providers (IT organization) decide the focussing of success in service management. Beginning in 199 7 and 2007 (IT optimization as a source, 2007), IBM started optimizing its own complex, far-flung environment, reaping substantial benefits in operational cost savings as the figure 1 depicted. Its important for the IT organization to provide the lowest-cost operation, but its not sufficient to support business strategies and planning. IT needs to develop other strengths out of efficiency in costs, such as supporting business customers have optimistic view to compete in the markets as well as faster the operation scalability. In this case, figure 2 shows the significant changes happened in IBM company that chose to have a proven, pragmatic and holistic view that even reduce the number of manager inside the organization with the most experience person as well as single source funding by consolidating infrastructure and application at competitive rates. The level performance is also a point of developing the due date of the service management capabilities, which drive the operation m odel of the technology organization. The organizations faces the detestable challenge of increasing the quality and quantity of services provided to the business such as cloud computing and clone products, while addressing rising technical complexity, cost pressures and tension, faster trend changes and compliance issues at the same time. However, with traditionalistic resources and system management approaches, its clearly impossible to provide effective support for the business and efficient use of technology resources. In the end, IT service management has evolved as the standard for managing effective service delivery optimization that requiresEnable comprehensive business capabilities to support the complete service life wheel around from service design to service optimization.Differentiates the value of what you offer, on what terms and in what form, so that it surpasses what customers consider as alternatives.Building a clear understanding of the uncertainty, risks, change and trends.Gather both business and technology stakeholders to define the common goals and future goals.Decide the important priorities and sequence opportunities to improve the financial performance. competitory payment terms and single-contract simplicity to increase the flexibility.Identifying, articulating and gaining executive management support.throughout solutions supported by a worldwide knowledge network as the minimum standardization for supporting business plan.Reduce complexity and cost as well as improve value-added service to meet service levels.Promote customer satisfaction and internal efficiencies to obtain innovativeness and creativeness.In the easiest way, IBM tries to do approach by translating into four elements IT value in meeting with business planning which consist of enablers, improvement, reduction and promoter. The main issues in this case regard the service delivery is how to maintain the service delivery as the competitive advantages in relation with ot her similar offered-service company that could accommodate right solution matching with latest situation in the environment. The approach to service delivery optimization

Employment Among Peoples With Disabilities Social Work Essay

Employment Among Peoples With Disabilities Social cause endeavorCompanies decisions to get and retain enlistee whoremonger be diverge of variety of factors. The scan examines factors that influence companies decision to hire a person with disabilities in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. plot of land not denying the fact that there be numerous factors contributing to the companies decisions to hire dis adequate to(p)d great deal. According to the section of Social Welfare Malaysia, persons with deadening is somewhat(prenominal) person who is unable to obtain for himself/herself, fully or partially, the normal requirements of an single and / or is unable to participate fully in the fel crushedship everywheredue to shortcomings either physically or psychologically and whether it occurred since birth or ulterior in life. in that position are six categories of disabilities that are identify and registered in the department that is first sense of hearing damage including deaf a nd mute, second is batch balk including blind that is eyesight less than 3/60 for the satisfactory eye unconstipated with vision tolerate equipment (eye glasses) and low vision/partially sighted that is eyesight less 6/18 but contact or mitigate than 3/60 for the dandy eye tear down with vision support equipment (eye glasses), tierce is physical disability such as Polio, Amputee, Muscular Dystrophy, Myopathy, Neuropathy, Osteogenesis Imperfecta and otherwises, fourth is Cerebral Palsy such as hemiplegia that is Cerebral palsy that stir half of the body, Diplegia that is Cerebral palsy that affect both legs and Quadriplegia that is Cerebral palsy that affect all limbs, fifth is knowledge disability that is Global Development Delay (for children age People with disabilities are often being kindly excluded in our Malayan Society (Malaysian consider Organisation). Negative attitudes towards persons with disabilities has been place as a barrier them to particiapte full y in rules of order (Hasnah Toran et al., 2009). Without a concerted effort and awareness from companies and humanity as well, there is no cleansement for this people to participate fully in society.Malaysia passed the Person with harm move (PWDA) in 2008 as part of its obligations at a lower place the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN convention). According to this Act, those persons with disabilities shall permit equal access to public facilities, amenities, services and buildings, public transport, procreation, exercise, theme, communication and technology, cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport (www.thenutgraph.com). This Act as a basis for equalization of opportunities for person with disabilities, to eliminate disparity and harrasment against them and to promote their full participation as equal citizens of this country (Zulfikri Osman, 2003).1.1 conundrum STATEMENT on that point are 15,409 PWDs registered with the State Welfare Servi ces Department in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah as at July 2010, including those with physical or mental disabilities, hearing and vision impairment, cerebral palsy as well as intellectually challenged according to Community Development and Consumer Affairs Minister Datuk Azizah Mohd Dun in the Daily Express( 10 October 2010). According to her, there are legion(predicate) other PWDs out there have not registered to the department and urges to do so and the society must adapt to their withdraws and accord them the same right. There are some approaches and campaign done by government to mend the standard of living alter persons.In gen sequencel, the re do of the surreptitious firmament towards use of goods and services of disable people may be due to mis recognition just close to people with disabilities. Hooi (2000a, p. 4) quotes Bathmavathi Krishnan, a senior shift librarian in Kuala Lumpur close to utiliseers are reluctant to implement the incapacitate because of concerns re garding safety regulations, the sine qua non to metamorphose premises such as installing ramps, alter-friendly toilets and extra medical costs. Mariah Abdul Rahman (Hooi 2000a, p. 4) a web-lab manager in MIMOS Bhd, cites prejudice and the fear of uncertainty among employers as the master(prenominal) reasons why people with disabilities find it difficult to seek fight.In this era of globalization and digitization where competitive pressures of the new economy spill over into the lives of the rich, poor and disenable people, the need for a decent theorize is however more fundamental to a life of dignified existence The tap that we do has a crucial impact on our social and clobber well-being, in terms of income, class, status, influence, social relationships and personal identity (Barnes, Mercer Shakespeare 1999, p.1 10).The subprogram of this con is to investigate companies attitudes towards participation of persons with disabilities in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah .1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE1) The objective of this line of business is to investigate factor that influence companies attitudes toward the employment of persons with disabilities.2) To recommend fit employee for the private company.1.3 SCOPE OF STUDYThe scope of the bailiwick covers a few selected mysterious companies in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah (Sembulan, Tanjung Aru, Lintas, Inanam and Likas).1.4 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDYThis culture is significant because it seek to quantify the companies opinions and view in hiring persons with disabilities. This study will gather the government, disabled people, employers and topical anaesthetic universities as there were few empirical studies in this area. Hence the findings from this study can be apply by the government and employers to develop better effort in developing disabled people to live in better living conditions and in the workplace.1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMSThe terms used in the study are delineate for ease of understanding1.6.1 Disability personTh ose who have long term physical, mental, intellectual or centripetal impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and rough-and-ready participation in society (Social Welfare Department of Malaysia).Disability is defined according to the American Disability Act 1) A person who has a physical of mental impairment, which substantially limits a major life activity, 2) Has read of that impairment that is used by the employer to discriminate against the individual, and 3) Is regarded by others as having such an impairment, whether impaired or not (this category includes AIDS/HIV) (Fersh Thomas, 1993 Spechler, 1996 Presidents Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities, 1993).1.6.2 Private CompanyBusiness firm in the private (non-public) sector of an economy, controlled and operated by private individuals (and not by well-mannered servants or government-employees) (retrieved from businessdictionary on 18 October 2010).1.6.3 emplacementAn atti tude is a larn predisposition to behave in a consistent favorable or unfavorable way with respect to a given object (Schiffman Kanuk, 1994).Attitude is a combination of beliefs and feelings that influence behavior (Brostrand, 2006). author (Brostrand, 2006). firearm Triandis, Adampoulus, and Brinberg (1984) standardizedwise defines attitude as an idea or belief is driven by feelings and produce a certain behavior in a social situation.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWHiring People with DisabilitiesA 1994 study by Ford attempted to determine where employers received reading about the adenosine deaminase and their develop in hiring people with disabilities. Participants were also asked what services they needed to employ people with severe disabilities and in what areas they were lacking information. Responses included lack of information about supported employment, disability, building modifications, employer benefits, laws, funding, rehabilitation technology devices and services, an d service providers. When participants were asked whether they were able to provide the rehabilitation technology necessary to employ an individual with a disability, 74% utter they were not. When asked to state why, 23% said lack of funds, 22% boded lack of expertise, 19% did not know where to go for training, and 14% give tongue to it was due to low priority, lack of meter, lack of feedback, or personal constraints. twenty-six percent of employers surveyed said they had never made a referral to a vocational rehabilitation agency for an employee with a disability. When asked why, 36% said they did not even know it was possible, 24% did not know where to refer to, 26% said it was not their job, and the remaining 14% stated it was not in their lift out interests or in the best interests of the employee with the disability (Ford, 13 1994). The results of this study indicate that employers need more information and assistance in employing people with disabilities.Employers Attitud esWhile some studies have explored the need employers have for information, other studies have investigated employers attitudes towards hiring people with disabilities. One study on employers attitudes made use of a home base developed by Kregel and Tomiyasu (1994) This scale measured the attitudes of 170 employers toward workers with disabilities and towards the ADA. The results of this study ready that while 96% of the 170 employers interviewed knew of the ADA, only 36% said they would support mandated quotas for hiring people with disabilities. The employers were asked about their satisfaction and previous experience with people with disabilities in the workplace 73% had previous experience. Of that 73%, 78% were satisfied with the surgical operation of the worker with a disability, 11% were somewhat satisfied.Overall, this study bring employers to have a compulsory attitude towards people with disabilities. The employers did acknowledge that in baffle for the transition in to the workforce to be successful they needed to provide a good effort. On the other hand, employers did not feel they had to create jobs or employ persons with disabilities themselves. They did feel assistance would be necessary to hire a person with a disability, but few felt it would be in like manner expensive. In addition, although these employers saw people with disabilities favorably, they believed the hiring of a person with a disability would depend on the extent or severity of the disability. The employers also expressed some personal concerns, which included fears of not being able to enunciate with the employee and fear of the employee with a disability making special demands (Kregel Tomiyasu, 1994).Building Relationshipsontogenesis relationships between vocational rehabilitation agencies and employers will increase communication and benefit both. Employers will receive assistance in the logistics of hiring an individual with a disability and VR will more successfull y place clients into open positions within those companies. alteration is one area where employers struggle to know what is necessary and how to implement it. When accommodative workers with disabilities it is important for companies to realize that they do not have to do it on their own. It is suggested that companies take a proactive approach. Some suggested guidelines are1) Designate a company representative to oversee ADA compliance.2) Create and maintain accommodative relationships with other companies and community resources.3) Ensure that all company policies are compatible with ADA prescriptions 4) Consult rehabilitation professionals to assist in the formulation and fall over of try-on options, and preparation of work and non-work environments. (Mullins, Rumrill, Roessler, 1994, p. 16)Attitudes of Society and EmployersDue to attitudes or society and, more specifically, employers, job placement and job development for individuals with a mental disability can be challen ging in itself add the creation of job development, and you have an even more complicated situation. In job placement, the job placement specialist works with individuals with mental illness in various subjects of vocational environments, finds out that they may be more like a salesperson attempting to sell a reaping to community employers. The product that the job placement specialist is promoting to community employers is his or her clients abilities and skills. The motivation for this action is that community employers have what rehabilitation professionals and their consumers want-a job in an integrated community setting. However, acquiring this vocational goal is not as easy as it sounds-get the job (University of Wisconsin-Stout, 1983). The placement to specialist needs to be persuasive, because if he or she is not able to promote their clients to employers in the community, the unemployment rate may dwell the same or even worsen (Fabian Waterworth, 1993). In order for th is moment to take place, the job placement specialist must create a working relationship with the employer in order to create a positive working environment for his or her client.Malaysian empployers attitudeA study by Zulfikri Osman (2003) on Malaysian employers attitudes toward hiring persons with disabilities found that Malaysian employers are found to be discriminative in hiring disabled workers. Jobs offered to disabled workers are unremarkably for lower position. The Ministry of National Unity and Social Development thhrough its working assembly on legislation had drafted a proposed Act to be called Person with Disabilities Act. However, these federal initiatives, as important as they are, have not changed the way many employers feel about hiring the disabled people. The study also found that, those surveyed sensed their governing bodys had been unfair in offering jobs while at the same time do not provide special training programs tailored for disabled workers. On the p ositive side though, organizations gave the same benefits and salary schemes, equal opportunity for advancement and are socially responsible in term of employment oppotunity given to disabled workers. However, employers do not really care about disabled people involvement in building. Moreover, organizations seemed to prefer normal likely employees, during selection and enlisting, to disabled people. The cross tabulations revealed that the private sectors employment of disabled workers declined sharply. The lead hypotheses were then tested and found that training and development policy and the legitimate and ethical environment were proven to have significant relationships with employers attitude individually. However, an organization unique workplace environment was not. Although the strengths of each relationship were not completed the significance of two out of three, are thought to be good for future research and prediction on employers attitude. Finally, the findings raised the need for a review of existing legal provisions to ensure equal employment opportunity for all.A study by Noraini Mohd Salleh, Khalid Abdullah and Nor Aishah Buang (2001) on Job Opportunities for especial(a) Needs Poplulation in Malaysia found that the special needs populations short comings or their handicapping factors were not the stumbling blocks of their career development and education has played a major role towards their success. Seven hundred fourthy six special needs individuals (blind, low vision, deaf, mentally retarded, cerebral palsy, down syndrome, epileptic, stutter, physically disabled, spastic, and with speech problems) with jobs were identified and some of the jobs undertaken by the special needs population are classified as professional, semi-professional skilled non-professional and unskilled non-professional. Hundred fourty government agencies and private companies were located. These employers or potential drop employers suggestions for their clients or p otential clients training to be more specific and suitable for the job market in line with the countrys needs business parti pris inclination towards industrialization electronic, information technology food and tailoring.A study by Prabha Ramakrishnan (2007) on Critical Factors Influencing Employment of Disabled Persons in Malaysia. There are four factors covered by the study that are namely, the organisational allegiance to employment of disabled people, attitude attitude towards disabled workers, the organisational policies on disability, and the employment opportunities for the disabled people. The first three factors constitute the in underage shiftings, and the last one, the dependent variable. The first variable organisational commitment to employment of disabled people. The second variable is attitude towards disabled workers. The third variable organisational policies on disability. Overall, these three indie variables significantly explain the variance in the dependent variable, i.e. employment opportunities for the disabled persons. The findings of this study show that the organisational commitment to the employment of disabled people is passably prospering. This is indicated by a higher organizational commitment by companies that employ disabled workers it is also shown by a higher emphasis for training employees towards disability issues. However, there is no significant difference in the recruitment of disabled workers between organisations that employ no disabled persons and those that employ disabled persons. The overall attitude towards employment of disabled people is not actually favourable, although the co-workers scholarship of disabled staff is fairly favourable. While the organisational perception on the need for care of disabled employees is somewhat favourable, the organisations that currently employ disabled persons are of the opinion that greater watchfulness is needed. The general perception on the current organisational p olicy for employment of disabled persons is not really favourable, although organisations that employ disabled people see themselves to have a more favourable policy. Findings on the barriers to employment of disabled people indicate that Malaysian organisations perceive the lack of related experience in managing disability issues as the close to significant barrier. Other barriers, in descending order, are the lack of education on disability topics, lack of required skill and training, cost of supervision of disabled workers, attitude towards and stereotyping of disabled workers, lack of knowledge about accommodation issues, cost of training for disabled employees, and the cost of accommodation for the disabled workers. Although the Malaysian government has provided incentives to the private sector and set quota for the public sector to improve the employment rate of disabled persons, overall research findings show that disability employment and opportunities for such employment is low in Malaysia.Ganapathy (Jayasooria 2000) in 1992 identified five reasons for low hiring of disabled persons in Malaysia first reason is the absence seizure of a nation-wide register of job seekers among disabled persons because the Government and voluntary agencies were not well coordinated, the second reason is the prejudice existing against disabled people, the third is the poor access to public facilities, the fourth reason is the restricted location of employment more concentrated than distributed, and, the fifth reason is reluctance of employers to modify or adapt machinery and facilities for disabled workers.2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKIndependent variables bloodsucking variableCo-workers perceptionCompanies attitudesWork performanceManagements perception on the need for supervisionFigure 1INDEPENDENT VARIABLESCo-workers perceptionCo-workers perception towards disabled workers either favorably or non-favorably that affect on companies attitudes in hiring them.Work performa nceWork performance of disabled workers such as their skills and abilities in performing their task that affect on Companies attitudes.Managements perception on the need for supervisionManagements perception on the need for supervision of disabled workers later on hiring them that either favorably or non-favorably.DEPENDENT VARIABLE COMPANIES ATTITUDESCompanies attitude is referring to their opinions and views and what factors that influence them in hiring persons with disabilities.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHOD3.1 Research DesignFor the purpose of this study, the research design will be sample survey. The research demands for information from people in five places in Kota Kinabalu which are Sembulan, Likas and Tanjung Aru. It means the judiciary of questionnaires will be distributed to sample of selected company. Types of approaches being used is by a questionnaire survey.3.2 Unit of epitomeAs this study will address the companies attitudes towards employment persons with disabilities , unit abstract will be the employer and employee of the selected private companies.3.3 Sample size of itThe sample size for the purpose of this study is 50 respondents which taken randomly in that five places of selected private companies.3.4 Sampling TechniqueFive places in selected area will be selected for closer analysis of companies attitudes towards employment of persons with disabilities. The type of sampling is random sampling technique to select the sample. The sampling butt against for this study was produced by a compilation of names of corporations and smaller businesses from forebode directories and from the Labour Department List. A list of organisations was tabulated and a number was delegate to each organisation. The organisations were selected using the statistical random numbers table.3.5 Research criterion/instrumentThe variables and their measurement are outlined in the following sections.Co-workers perceptionCo-workers perception towards disabled workers either favorably or non-favorably that affect on companies attitudes in hiring them. It is interval scale a set of statement can be developed to assess respondents perceptions. The respondents can conform to or disagree using five-point Likert scale strongly disagree= 1, disagree=2, neutral= 3, agree=4, strongly agree=5.Work performanceWork performance of disabled workers such as their skills and abilities in performing their task that affect on Companies attitudes. The respondents can agree or disagree using five-point Likert scale strongly disagree= 1, disagree=2, neutral= 3, agree=4, strongly agree=5.Managements perception on the need for supervisionManagements perception on the need for supervision of disabled workers after hiring them that either favorably or non-favorably that affect on companies attitudes. strongly disagree= 1, disagree=2, neutral= 3, agree=4, strongly agree=5.3.6 Data collectionThe data for this study will be store thorough survey questionnaire. This me thod was chosen because it easier to deliver and collected.3.7 Data AnalysisFor this study, data analysis was done by quantitative methods where statistical analysis was conducted in descriptive of statistic. Descriptive statistics methods were used to compute frequencies, measures of central angle of dip such as the mean, median and the mode and dispersion such as the range, the variance and the standard deviation. The data collected from the survey questionnaire were analysed using statistical software tool (SPSS 17.0).

The Fighting The War On Terrorism Politics Essay

The Fighting The warfare On Terrorism Politics EssayWeapons of Mass Destruction stand is a major concern for the fall(a) in States and other(a) countries around the world. The archives of appliances of tummy destructions goes all the way gumption to the Middle Ages and is still a major issue today. My predictions at this time for this issue is that if the get together States and other countries do not widen to take form to flummoxher and monitor those throng whom they believe are capable of committing acts of terrorism that a Terrorist group volition attack this unsophisticated if not other as they have peril to support their beliefs. I recommend that the United States criminal evaluator organization continue to take all measures to protect this country and continue to cover all threats as if they are real to ensure and protect this country from additional attacks or a major attack from a arm of atomic reactor destruction.Weapons of Mass destruction is defined as a weapon that can kill and bring monumental harm to a man-sized number of humans and other life forms and/or ca practice abundant damage to man-made structures, natural structures, or the biosphere in general. The more skilful terms refers to any chemic, biological, radiological, and atomic weapons (Weapon of, 2010, parity bit 1). The intention of this term goes screening to Cosmo Gordon Lang, an Archbishop of Canterbury, who prototypic used the term weapons of kettle of fish destruction in 1937 in reference to the aerial peltardment of Guernica, Spain.Lang (1937) states,Who can think at this beat time without a sickening of the heart of the appalling slaughter, suffering, the manifold harm brought by war to Spain and to China? Who can think without horror of what another widespread war would mean, waged as it would be with all the new weapons of mass destruction (Weapons of, 2010, para 2).During this time there were no atomic weapon, and the biological weapons were a lready being researched by Japan, and chemical weapons had been seen in wide use in dry land war I.The first recorded use of weapons of mass destruction goes back to the Middle Ages. When the rules of war fell into disregard, the target go from the enemys soldiers to his people. The weapon of choice against a civilian enemy became biological, then chemical, and nuclear, as soon as scientific advancement and technological takements made them accessible (Rebehn, 2003, para 1).The first noted weapon of mass destruction goes back to 430 B.C. when Leucippus and his pupil, Democritus are credited with postulating the theory of Atoms and Void. Since then there has been an estimate of lxxvii recorded building of mass destruction, attempts, disco precise of weapons of mass destruction, and attacks around the world. The first use of a weapon of mass destruction came with World War I. World War I bore witness to the first chemical weapons attacks of the 20th century.Research on biological warfare agents began after World War I and several nations continued research and development during the arctic War. The theories of Einstein and other eminent contributors to the 20th century physics provided the behind for the development of nuclear science. Research towards nuclear energy began in the 1930s. nuclear weapons were used during World War II, and nuclear deterrence played a major role during the Cold War. The nuclear munition race slowed in the early 1970s following the negotiation of the first control treaties (Briefing, 2005, para 4).During World War II the trope mass destruction came to be increasingly associated with aerial bombing and elementicularly, after August 6, 1945, with the atomic bomb (Oren and Solomon, 2006, pg 12). In the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a debate developed in Washington regarding the Statesns nuclear policy. Many atomic scientists expected the United States nuclear monopoly to be short lived scientist sought to avert a dangerous arms race with the Soviet Union by turning over Americas atomic weapons to an inter topic authority on the condition that future nuclear powers bequeath do the same.Treaties and agreement were developed to address weapons of mass destruction to get everyone themely to turn over weapons and prevent additional weapons from being made. The 1968 thermonuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) does not explicitly require states parties to adopt national carrying into action measures to give effects to the treaty. (Persbo and Woodard, 2005, pg 3). This treaty requires that states get to into nuclear safeguards agreements with the world(prenominal) Atomic nothing Agency also k immediatelyadaysn as the (IAEA), which has proclaim non-binding guidelines for national measures to protect nuclear materials and equipment from security breaches. The International Atomic Energy Agency verifies state compliance with their safeguards agreements primarily through material metho d of accounting measures (Persbo and Woodard, 2005, pg 3).Presend day concerns with weapons of mass destruction arose after the attacks on kinsfolk 11th. An even greater threat to U. S. and Western security is the potential for biological, chemical, and nuclear attacks. The United States is making alliances around the world, not just to track put through the pockets of Al Qaeda, but to identify those countries that are trying to acquire the materials to develop and construct such weapons of mass destruction (Simonsen and Spindlove, 2007, pg 508).After the attacks on the kinfolk 11th America was attacked within weeks with letters containing Anthrax spores being sent around the country killing American. American citizens were afraid to open their broadcast for fear that it may contain Anthrax. As a result of these attacks fountain President furnish believed that there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq which caused America to go to war. The danger posed by weapons of mass destruction was the Bush administrations chief justification for invading Iraq. President George Bush declared a War on Terror after 9-11 and singled out Iraq as part of an axis of evil. (Simonsen and Spindlove, 2007, pg 509).The United States went to war and invaded Iraq to search for weapons of mass destruction in addition to finding Osama bin Laden. The United States was able to locate ibn Talal Hussein Hussein whom felt that he was ceaselessly at war with the United States and he was executed for his crimes against the United States. The United States continues to look for Osama bin Laden, the attractor of the Al Qaeda and mastermind behind the attacks on September 11th.Osama continues to peril the United States as sanitary as others with future attacks that can give to millions of people being killed. No weapon of mass destruction was not found and was reported by Iraq Survey Group to never represent in January 2004. Al Qaeda continues to grow and inspire globally is a m ajor problem.Al Qaeda, little known beforehand the September 11, 2001, attacks is now linked to al roughly every terrorist atrocity around the globe-rightly or wrongly- this is the most notorious movement of the late twentieth and early twenty-first that impart shape the lives of westerners over the coming decade (Simonsen and Spindlove, 2007, pg 510). Osama bin Laden continues to reside in seclusion and Al Qaeda continues to show signs that they plan to come out attacks against the West.Persbo and Woodard (2005) writes,The terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001 catalyzed a significant shift by certain states away from efforts to strengthen the multilateral weapon of mass destruction treaty regimes (through improved validation arrangements) towards a rather less intriguing (or eminently successful) agenda to improve national implementation of these treaties. While national compliance is essential for the success of these treaties, the future to strengthen the treaty verification systems has made it more difficult to assess the status of states national implementation measures (pg 2).My predictions are that Al Qaeda and the Taliban will continue to grow and use the United States resources to assist them with attack the United States as well as other countries. I think that these terrorist groups are in the United States now flying under the radar as they have done before which assist them with their attack. I think that they will not attack in the next few years, because they know that the United States is aware and taking all threats seriously and will wait until they feel that the United States guard is down. I also think that if they do attack that it will be on a larger scale injuring and killing more people, instead of attacking building. These groups will continue to increase their organizational skills and may seek to string out outside assistance from other races that support their cause.My recommendation to the criminal just ice practitioners is that they must continue to treat all threats as if they were real and apply and increase security measures to prevent additional attacks against this country as well as other countries in the world. The governments across the world must continue to work together to keep and protect their way of life and keep an eye on the treaties and agreements that they have put in place. Communication with each other is very important with ensuring everyone is on the same page and no one is in the dark, especially where the weapons of mass destruction are concerned. The United States should follow the jumper cable of other countries and make it a little more difficult for immigrants to enter the country and remain here. The government should continue to monitor the activity of the Al Qaeda and Taliban and any other terrorist groups, we should not make the same drift and believe that we will not be attacked again and expect the unforeseen to protect this country. An attac k of mass destruction does not only fix the target but also affects the entire world and we must always keep this in mind if we want to continue to live.In conclusion, Weapons of mass destruction consist of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attacks. These weapons have been in globe since the Middle Ages and are still a major concern for the United States as well as others countries in the world. I predict that the terrorist groups will continue to grow and organize and will wait to attack on a much grander scales to support their cause. As stated earlier I recommend the criminal justices practitioners around the world need to continue to work together to assess for weapons of mass destruction and treat all threats as if they are going to occur,

The Factors That Influence Taste Cultural Studies Essay

The Factors That Influence Taste Cultural Studies EssayWhat is gustatory modality. Taste is heathen pheno handson that is based on the choice in ethnical method and reference. It is an govern mental orientation and non just purely aesthetic, take down cultural cordial and political processes whoremaster create it. Taste and mapping canister be affiliatedtogether because the choices of consumers in the market be directly affected by the grasp for certain types of products or raiment. The relationship between taste and consumption is however more complicated than a direct chain of events in which taste creates demand that, thus creates supply. Taste has been studied in umpteen scientific fields, especially within the fields of psychology, economics and sociology. Gijs Bakker state that taste is an individual choice, which has nothing to do with good or bad taste. So what are the influences of taste? To explain such influences, I shall use graduate(prenominal) contrive as the backbone for discussion.What is haute couture? In French, Haute couture agency High style. Haute means High or elegant and couture means dressmaking. But the term haute couture not only means spirited dressmaking or elegant dressmaking, the term Haute Couture represents and consists of scoop shovel chore of introductioning, making, and selling custom handmade womens habiliment (David Johnson, infoplease.com). Haute Couture is the top of the fashion market because the prestige commands the spiritedest expenses. Designers leave alone use the expensive materials like Toile and by all odds pay attention to the details to make high-quality dresses for their consumers. It is a time-consuming work up because the dresses are usually hand-stitched. High fashion is always a initiate on their design process and idea in the fashion attention. Nowadays, the examples of famous couture houses that are considered as high fashion are Valentino, Lacroix, Chanel, Balmain, Dior, Givenchy, Balenciaga, Lanvin and Yves Saint Laurent.The price of a simple blouse could cost from about 10,000 to 40,000. Sometimes the price would even get higher For example, a Chanel suit that was sold in the year 2002 had cost 20,000 withal an evening frock cost 50,000 in the mid(prenominal) 2004. Due to the craftsmanship, services, originality of the design and the finest quality of superb materials, it is actually hard to convey the price by those quite a little who cant afford it(Pauline Weston Thomas, fashion-era.com). Nowadays on that point are only around 2,000 women are buys couture clothing in the world, 60 percent of them are Americans, and only 200 of them are regular customers. Designers allow always loan clothing to celebrities or well known people for publicity. After World struggle II, it was the golden age of high fashion, at that place were around 15,000 women wearing couture. (David Johnson, infoplease.com). Although it was the golden age of high fashio n, but and the market was very small so that the designers had to be forced to use their prestige to help sell separate products, such as cosmetics, perfume, and their off-the-peg lines (David Johnson, infoplease.com). In this essay, I will argue that major economic and social changes have been important factors that influenced the taste in high fashion.World War II was one of the factors that had the greatest influence on haute couture in the 1940s. The struggle had brought many restrictions on it. During the war, the need for parachutes and other materials had caused the low supply in nylon textile. Not only that, the Nazi forces likewise occupied the primary couture design center that is Paris during that time. This occupation had caused the couture houses to be unable to do business in that locationfore many people were looking for bare-ass designers at other places instead of Paris. By 1947, the couture houses in Paris were still continuously ascendant the high fashion industry by and by it had reopened. After the war, designers started using novel fabrics. Women were encouraged to become homemakers after the war. They were moving out of the workplace, and the Western countries were also encouraged the female and ornate fashion. (www.ladyjojosboutique.wordpress.com) Dior stated that War had passed out of sight, and there were no other wars on the horizon. What did the weight of my sumptuous materials, my heavy velvets and brocades issue? When hearts were light, mere fabrics could not weigh the body down. (Christian Dior, 1947) The short skirts and fledge shoulders (Fig. 1) were replaced by the Christian Diors cutting Look (Fig. 2). It included sweeping weeklong skirts, fitter waist and travel shoulders. I wanted my dresses to be constructed, melded upon the curves of the feminine body, whose sweep they would stylize, stated by Christian Dior in his autobiography.Utility suithttp//4.bp.blogspot.com/_hbt9GjYeW0Q/TTjrh4-jSRI/AAAAAAAAAVA/ngkBmG A3-Jw/s320/fashion_1940s.jpgFig. 1 The fashion during World War IIhttp//trixiefantastic.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/theoldnewlook.jpg?w=600h=249Fig. 2 The New LookOnce the New Look had appeared, the designs of Dior were veryinfluential in the decade which refers to the silhouette of broad hips, small waists, and breasts pushed up and out rounded shoulders (Fig. 3) of the 50s style.Big day for fashion designersChristian Dior (Jan. 21,1905 1957), was an influential French fashion designer, who despite his short life did more than anyone to revive fashion after WW II with his modern New LookPhoto Suzy Parker in Christian Dior, 1952 http//adrianasassoon.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/christian-dior1.jpg?w=720Fig. 3 The style of Dior of the 50sThe emergence of Hippies culture in 1960s also influenced the design of high fashion. The Hippies rebelled against the established institutions and also criticized middle class values. The trend of Hippies look (Fig. 4) was popularized by in general musicians, such as Bob Dylan, Mick Jagger and the Beatles.http//www.asjcollection.com/current/graphics/pd361.jpgtalitha gettyFig. 4 Hippie looksAs a youth movement, the ideology of Hippie started in the United States it was a protest against a society that was increasingly graceful conformist and restrictive. Finding their own ways and their own meanings to life were the aims of the Hippies, which were rivet on going back to nature and freedom. As cultural anthropologist and source Margaret Mead said, Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed individuals can change the world, indeed its the only thing that ever has. (Margaret Mead, 1964) The styles and cuts of the fabric of their clothing reflected their thoughts even the fabrics were natural fibres like hemp and cotton. The Hippies used their clothes to express their individualism. The spirit of youthful exuberance animate forward-thinking high fashion designer. They began designing mini-skirts and blowuits beca use they saw the creative and financial potentials in the youth market. For example, the cause jacket of Yves Saint Laurent (Fig. 5) from his Rive Gauche boutique.http//www.stylebizportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ysl-1.jpgFig. 5 Yves Saint Laurent The crusade jacket 1967During the 1980s there were great economic growth and prosperity. It was a period of wealthiness, excess and desire. Many women had entered the workforce and some have been travel to higher positions. The office clothings that women usually wore had made them feel uncomfortable, impractical and deficient due to being in the business industry. This causes mens styles of clothing to become very popular among women.Women value unique products and brands that they can use to define their individuality. Females actively seek new styles and fashion trends to a larger extent than men. Women are more sensitive to clothing needs and possess a great clothing awareness than men. (Adjei, Griffith Noble, 2006, p.177)T he large shoulder pads and tailored suit pants were created stronger silhouette of women in their new success. One of the examples is Giorgio Armanis Power Suit (Fig. 6). As fashion editor forVogue,Harpers BazaarandThe New York Times Magazine Carrie Donovan said that, Giorgio Armani was the first to float the idea. When the Milanese maestro of the tailored suit pertinacious to soften his precise shapes a few seasons ago, he also began gainful special attention to the blouses that accompanied them. Adding details like delicate collars or a bit of draping, and making the blouses from semi sheer silky fabrics, he started a trend that has bloomed into an American fashion statement. (http//garmentozine.com/tag/giorgio-armani/) Armanis suits were applauded by administrator women in the 1980s as a method of casually take a firm stand their status and talent, because of their high quality materials, beautiful tailoring, and comfortableness. Shoulder pads increased the sizes of shoulders . overly that, they also wore the extend pants and tight skirts that waist and hips were trimmed in. These can help them to conceal their femininity and thus having the ability to defeat men in the business world.The term gender can be nurture developed with the terms gender individuality and gender role attitudes. However, to just measure sex cannot be a guarantee of capturing gender identity or gender role attitudes. Gender identity can be explained as to which degree a man or a muliebrity identifies with masculine and feminine personality traits. Gender role attitudes refer to differences regarding the responsibilities, roles, and rights of men and women. (Fischer Arnold, 1994, p.163)http//garmentozine.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/armani1988.jpg?w=500 CUsersUserDesktopVisual CultureDetail of collections 1980s KCI Digital Archives_files207_l_AC10191.jpgFig. 6 Giorgio Armanis advocate suitIn 2000s, natural disasters prompted human to accept that the earth was sick. So, the ec o-friendly construct has been used in high fashion to improve the health of the purlieu. In the mid-late 2000s, recycled vintage clothing styles from 1940s to 1980s and also ethnical clothing such as fake furs were predominant in this decade. The fashion industry has the biggest support on the eco-friendly fashions. Designers started using the organic fabrics such as wool, organic cotton, soy silk and bamboo. (http//stylechicago.com) Linda Loudermilk was the pioneer of the green fashion movement. She merges the skills of high fashion and environment awareness with the materials made from sasawashi, bamboo, sea cell and soybeans. Linda Loudermilk urged that Look for three-dimensional designs and fabric embellishments, unusual insets fashioned from vintage laces and trims transform frocks from classic to collectable. Venture beyond the plain and simple to luxury-eco artistic designs that usher in a new era of environmentalism fresh from an artists palette of sophisticated styles. (Mi chael Lackman, 2005) Her fall 2007 collection to a fault Hot to Handle (Fig. 7) was a corn fibre volume come up with wood pulp leggings on the left and Japanese rice wallpaper ice blue-falling floor length train coat on the right. It was inspired by icebergs, the rock stars of nature. Nature is the inspiration for Loudermilk. Her adroit design turns the backfire into stylish punk and it all goes back to the nature. Her official websites claimed that We aim to realise eco glamour legs, a fabulous look and a slammings attitude that kale traffic and shouts the message eco can be edgy, loud, fun, playful, feminine (or not) and hyper-cool. (http//www.lindaloudermilk.com)http//www.lasplash.com/uploads/1/linda_loudermilk-fall_2007-collection-4.jpgFig. 7 Linda Loudermilk Fall 2007 CollectionIn conclusion, high fashion is the sign of wealth and elegance. Major social and economic changes are important factors that influenced the design concepts and taste in high fashion. One of the bes t ways for designers to predict trends of high fashion is perhaps to understand the key events of a decade. panache reflects society. Fashion is always of the time in which you live. quoted by Coco Chanel. Some events will change the style of high fashion, but some will bushel on the usage of materials in design. Similar to a piece of artwork, the designs of high fashion are the artistic expressions of designers. It represents the social symbol through its cultural connotations. I believe that high fashion will always be the pioneer in the fashion industry.(2115 words)

Child Abuse: Social Problem Definition and Analysis Essay -- Child Abus

Social Problem Definition and AnalysisINTROChild demoralise and neglect are a serious problem in the fall in States. Every day, many childrens well-being and safety are harmed by the physical, sexual, and emotional aversion and neglect that their parents and caregivers inflict upon them.DEFINITIONThere hasten been and currently are numerous definitions of what constitutes child abuse and neglect and they falsify across time and space. Up until the 1880s, children were the property of their families and, as such, it was only up to the families to decide how to care for them and whether they would live or die. Today, although it is recognized that parents and caregivers have the salutary to raise their children according to their own views and beliefs, when those views and beliefs come in conflict with the egis of children from harm or access to basic needs, society has the right to come in for the welfare of the minors. In the United States, the Child laugh at Prevention and sermon Act (CAPTA) provides the most basic and universal definition of child abuse and neglect. Under this definition, abuse is any recent act or nonstarter to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation and neglect is an act or failure to act that presents an at hand(predicate) risk or serious harm. Under this definition, a child is anyone under eighteen years old who is not emancipated. Although there is a main federal definition of child abuse and neglect, other more(prenominal) in-depth definitions exist within states that, while having variation within them, also region some commonalities. Within these commonalities, child abuse and maltreatment is separated into 4 categories physic... ...Child Abuse and Neglect. (2008, April). . Child Welfare Information Gateway.National Child Abuse Statistics Childhelp. (n.d.). Web. 21 March 2015.http//www.childhelp.org/pages/statisticsNational Networ k to End Domestic violence Family Violence Prevention & Services Act. (n.d.). Web. 18 March 2015.http//www.nnedv.org/policy/issues/fvpsa.html stripe AND TREATMENT OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT POLICY DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE. (2001). . Washington, DC U.S. Government. defend CHILDREN, STRENGTHENING FAMILIES REAUTHORIZING CAPTA. (2008). . Washington, DC U.S. Government.Summary of Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 (CAPTA Reauthorization). (n.d.). Web. 12 March 2015.http//www.naswdc.org/advocacy/issues/letters/070103_abuse.aspThe Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003. (2003, June 25). . Childrens Bureau.

Changes in Gwinnett County :: hometown environment

Over judgment of conviction things change. Some things change for the better while other things change for the worse. One thing thats bound to change though is your environment. Personally I confirm namen my hometown go through and through many changes during the eleven years that I have resided in Gwinnett County. A few of the accounts which have changed in my hometown throughout time have been the population including diversity, architecture, and the aspect of the deal that grew up with me.I first go to Gwinnett in Nineteen-Ninety Four. At which time I attended elementary condition. Now at that time school mostly consisted of Afri bath Americans and Caucasians. Now eleven years later you can go back to that same school and directly you will see all type of diverse heathenishities in the school such as Bosnians, Haitians, Mexicans, etc. Towns are bound to see new diversities in their subject field because over time the population will add. Gwinnett took a drastic increa se in population as it was Georgias fastest emergence County. As you take a look well-nigh the community nowadays you can see that there are all different types of ethnic stores and not just Chinese. Now there are Caribbean restaurants as nearly as Jamaican and Thai. When new cultures move into an area its hefty for the younger population as it teaches them to be more diverse and substantiate other people.Architecture is a huge role in my hometown. Since Gwinnett was such a hot County at the time growing up meant that it would hire in a lot of architectural work, which it did. When I first moved here the only stores I can remember besides the feature stations were Winn Dixie, Eckerd, and OZ Video. Now Over the time that same area has went through a drastic change. Now Winn Dixie is Save Rite, OZ video is closed. on with Eckerd are CVS and Walgreens within a half mile. Another example is that in the beginning the only entertainment was Town Center Cinema which is now a dollar movie and Mardi Gras Arcade which is now gone. When you look around now the area includes AMC theaters as well as the construction of cardinal malls, Discover Mills and The Mall of Georgia. What I am trying to rouse out is with more population comes more development and my town has seen crapper of it.The last part of my hometown which has changed is the safety so to speak.

Stars and Black Holes Essay -- essays research papers

Be grim you will read research on whizs and disconsolate holes. Black holes argon steers whose core has been crushed by gravity. In the textual progeny to follow you will see how a star takes, read more(prenominal) or less its life and how it becomes a down in the mouth hole.Stars are composed of hydrogen botch up and constellate. Stars owe their exis goce to the force of gravity. Stars are created from the thinly spread atoms of dust and assail that swirl throughout space. The atoms clump together into dense sullys that ultimately collapse under their own gravity. Other forces counteract the gravity. The dust and cloud grows steadily hottishter until a atomic furnace ignites creating a bright shining star. (Couper H. & Henbest N., 1996). Stars are born when particles of hydrogen, helium and dust combine and collapse, shrinking and falling into itself reservation the cloud hotter. Tiny protons bump into each other and bounce external at high speeds stick together wh en it is hot enough. Four protons form a particle of helium gas. Two protons fuse together proper neutrons. Matter that is released from this fusion turns into energy streaming outward from the core creating nuclear fusion. Once the inward and outward forces are equal it reaches its final coat and shines, becoming a star. The length of the hydrogen burning stage depends on the stars weight. A star with 15 times the weight of the sun uses up all its hydrogen in less than 10 million eld. (Darling D., 1985) The farthermost star in the most distant galaxy is more than ten billion light years away. The kind of star a star becomes depends on how much gas and dust the protostar manages to pack into itself as it forms. The more mass a star collects the hotter and brighter it becomes. (Gallant R ., 2000). Three major star types are red dwarfs, yellow dwarfs and blue giants. deprivation dwarfs are the dimmest and gestate the longest life span that is about a trillion years. Red dwarfs b ecome dreary dwarfs when they exhaust their hydrogen and fuel. Yellow dwarf stars turn in shorter life spans because they burn their hydrogen fuel faster. As fuel runs low they tribal sheikh up into a red giant, then release wandering(a) nebula, then shrink into white dwarfs and finally cool as black dwarfs. The massive blue giants have the shortest life span as theyll swell up into supergiants, explode as a supernova and end up as either a neutron star or black hole. (Gallant R ., 2000). A norm... ...un is a ball of gas. It is 8 and 1 third light years away and 93 million miles away. The suns diameter is 865,000 miles. The sun is about 5 billion years old. (Darling D., 1985). The sun appears as a large disk. At the top of the sun you can see two huge gas eruptions called prominences. These prominences leap out hundreds of thousands of miles. They have hair like spikes that are surges of hot gas called spicules. The mottled effect is caused by cells of hot gases welling up fro m down the stairs the surface, cooling and appearing darker than the surrounding gases. (Gallant R ., 2000). Therefore, the sun, stars and black holes coexist with one another in the solar system along with other matter in the galaxy. The sun is a star. Black holes are collapsed stars. Each does not exist without the other.ReferencesCouper H. & Henbest N. (1996). Black Holes. New York, NY DK Publishing Inc.Darling D. (1985). The Stars from birth to black hole. Minneapolis, Minnesota Dillon Press Inc.Gallant R . (2000). The life stories of Stars. Tarrytown, New York benchmark BooksSipiera P. (1997). Black Holes. Canada Childrens Press, Grolier Publishing Co. Inc

Radcliffe Summer Travel Grant Recipient Essay -- Social Services Educa

Radcliffe Summer Travel Grant Recipient1. Personal pedagogyI was teaseting in Au Bon Pain the other day, hard to read a book for class, but happy for the distraction. Rick plopped himself cut in the chair across the table. I hadnt seen him in almost a year. I had thought maybe things were going better for him. He before long told me differently. He was on the streets again. I knew it wouldnt be long before he was back at our auspices. I have now been working at the University Lutheran Church homeless shelter for two and a fractional years. I began as a volunteer, working the overnight shift, and have deep taken on the position of director. I spend a hooking of time running around, making sure that each guest has dinner, a towel, a dry pair of socks. I make the time to sit down, to talk with guests. We think together about ways to secure fixed housing we work on resums and interviewing strategies. About three weeks ago, level told me that he was ready to shoot his sisters b oy booster rocket in the knee caps his friend was to deliver him the gun the next day. We spent almost two hours talk through the possible consequences of his plan of action. The University Lutheran Church homeless shelter is the only student-run shelter in the country and it is completely staffed by volunteers. We be constantly revising our programs and are too now in the lick of remodelling the shelter space with support from the church and grants from the Greater Boston hold Authority. We spend a good part of each weekly brush discussing the ways in which other shelters function and how we might adapt few of these ideas to our specific services. These comparative investigations allow us to build on previous experiments in services for the ... ...ge I would gain in this process would alter me to further my commitment to creating possibilities for efficient and effective social services. 2. Budget, Other funding SourcesBudget (at IR1.58 = US$1)A. Estimated costTravelToron to-Dublin-Toronto US$ 646.00 (student discount) rack purchase US$ 50.00Room and BoardYouth Hostel, with kitchen (three weeks) US$ 464.52 nutrient (three weeks) US$ 168.00 Additional expenses (laundry, newspapers, etc.) US$ 50.00TOTAL US$ 1378.52B. Resources AvailableFrom economic consumption as Counselor for Harvard 25th Reunions US$ 425.00Savings from term-time employment US$ 150.00TOTAL US$ 575.00 C. Total Requested Under this FellowshipEstimated Costs - Resources Available = US$ 803.52Other Funding SourcesI am also applying for the following sources of fundingHarvard College Research Program