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Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Renewable Energy: The Key to Achieving Sustainable Development of Rural Bangladesh M. S. Islam, A. M. H. R. Khan, S. Nasreen, F. Rabbi & M. R. Islam Grameen Shakti Grameen Bank Bhaban (19th floor), Mirpur 2, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh Abstract Renewable energy technologies (RETs) can help reduce poverty, energy shortage and environmental degradation such as desertification, biodiversity depletion and climate change effects in Bangladesh. The country is short of gas and electricity supply.Over-exploitation of biomass in meeting energy needs of the rural people has caused environmental degradation. RET can help solve those problems if it is widely used in the rural Bangladesh where people primarily depend on biomass energy. Bangladesh has enough renewable to mi tigate such energy crisis and its adverse consequences. Bangladesh being an underdeveloped country, global initiative would be helpful in transferring RETs for the village households. This paper describes the glimpses of RETs in Bangladesh in terms of its policy issues, implementation, dissemination, marketing, and research and development activities.Modern RETs are still in the research, development and demonstration phase in the country. Like most of the developing countries, there is a niche market for new RETs and several private sector entrepreneurs and NGOs have tried to explore this market. Keywords renewable energy technology; solar home system; rural development; environmental; electricity; biogas; improved cooking stove; clean energy; energy efficiency. Introduction Bangladesh has major problems with energy crisis, persisting poverty and environmental degradation. With only 49% of Bangladeshis having access to electricity, the per capita energy use is only 180 kWh.Moreover, the people who are connected with the national grid are experiencing frequent load shedding. At present, the country can generate about 4500 MW electricity, w hile peak demand is about 6000 MW (USAID, 2011). Therefore, the supply is unreliable. Most of the supply is limited to urban areas; access to electricity in rural areas is less than 10%. RET can solve this problem by renewable such as sunshine, wind, tidal waves, waterfalls or river current, sea waves or biomass. Use of rene wable energy, increased energy efficiency and enhancement of energy security constitute a sustainable energy strategy pproach. Renewable forms of energy emit far smaller amounts of greenhouse gases compared with fossil fuels and increased energy conserv ation facilitates the reduction of primary fossil fuel use, thus mitigating climate change impacts while contributing to the provision of energy services and enhancing security of energy supply. Usable biomass including cow dung, human excreta, poultry litter, kitchen organic waste, aquatic plants and weeds of a village in Bangladesh can produce the amount of biogas that villagers require for cooking. The ferment ed slurry from biogas digester is enriched with nitrogen, otassium and other nutrients. It is, therefore, best for soil, environmental health and agricultural productivity management. On the other hand, Bangladesh has one of the highest solar insulation on the earth. The average solar radiation varies here from 5. 05 kWh/m2 day in winter to 8. 03 kWh/m2 day in summer. As Bangladesh is a compact flat country with a little geographic variation, the solar radiation data collected from one point may be treated as that of the whole country. In other word, affordable availability of RETs to the rural area could be the panacea of poverty reduction and environmental fix inBangladesh. Synergy The relationship between energy and economic development is crucial; the process of economic growth requires the substation of energy mix in the performance of agriculture, industrial and domestic tasks. The lack of adequate energy in rural Bangladesh has economic costs not just at the individual and ho usehold level but at the national level as well. Development in Bangladesh without corresponding increase in per capi ta electricity and gas consumption is, therefore, not feasible. Everyone needs energy in one form or another, for day-to-day life, for cooking, lighting, heating and so on.Consequently, energy is to be considered as a basic need along with food, water, shelter and others. In social aspects, energy plays a key role in achieving social justice including gender justice. Low level of energy service is a serious obstacle to raising social, health and nutritional status of community. Dependence on human energy and primitive technologies for survival introduces a whole range of obstacles to social and gender equality. The rural people in general, and rural females in particular, are tapped in an unceasing cycle of works that condemns them to poor health, l ittle or no ducation and deprives them in equal participation in local development programs (i. e. education, income ge nerating activities, etc. ), self governing bodies and political movements. Improved energy services can be at * Corresponding Author Email: [email  protected] com Page 9 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the centre of any strategy to mitigate the gender disparity. The availability of adequate, reliable and reasonably priced source of energy is, therefore, prerequisite for the development of rural Bangladesh. Suggestions can now be made to the extent that the usage of RETs would aunch a new era of appropriate technology, sustainable socio-economic and environmental development in the country. Rural Energy Needs More than 70% of total populations of the country live in rural areas. At present major portion of total energy needs for cooking is met by locally available biomass fuels. The rural electrification program meets a small portion of total energy needs. For overall national development there is a need to pay special attention so that the energy needs of rural areas for subsis tence and productive requirements (e. g. agriculture, industries, and transport) are met on a sustainable basis.Different types of renewable energy technologies such as Solar Home System (SHS), Biogas, and Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) are suitable for Bangladesh. A Solar Bangladesh SHS has been a successful story in Bangladesh. Our rural people have accepted SHS on a mass scale. Once it was thought that solar energy was not affordable for the rural people. This myth has been broken. Along with thirty partner organizations in the country, as of August 2011, over one million SHS have been installed in Bangladesh, benefiting over 6 million rural people (IDCOL, 2011). On average, more than 35,000 systems are installed very month and within the next 1 to 3 years, this rate is likely to be triple. A powerful economic model has been created to make solar energy a part of rural life, integrating one of most sophisticated technologies with the asp irations, toils and successes of the rural people. A rural family can have bright light, watch TV and power their mobile phones at the same cost as kerosene, while escaping from dim light, foul smelling smoke including health and fire hazards. Rural businesses can increase their productivity and income through extended wor king hours and attracting more customers. This sector has been creating green jobs and linkage usinesses especially in the rural areas. Hundreds of local youth s are working in the rural areas as solar technicians. Rural women are assembling solar access ories in village based Technology Centres. Solar engineers are increasingly employed in designing SHS, working in battery factories, and other accessory related businesses. Bangladesh is on the verge of a Solar Revolution. Increased aspirations, failure of grid electricity, growing machination and disposable income have created huge potential for solar energy in rural areas. Biogas Technology Biogas is a proven an d widely used source of energy in the country.There is now yet another wave of renewed interest in biogas due to the increasing concerns of climate change, indoor air pollution and increasing oil prices. Such concerns, particularly for climate change, open opportunities for the use of the CDM benefits in the promotion of biogas. In spite of being insignificant in volume, the availability of biogas to very large number of rural people and to very remote areas makes the technology very suitable and effective. True, commercially produced pipeline natural gas plays and will continue to play vital ro le in the industrialization and urbanization of the country, but his gas will not reach the remote village households any time soon, if at all! In that respect there is no alternative to biogas for the millions of villagers. The above situation leaves the rural population to rely on the traditional biomass sources for household supply of energy. Over the last few decades there have been rene wed interests and initiatives by many organizations to innovate new and improved biomass energy technologies whereby the biomass energy sources can be used more efficiently and cost effectively for the rural people. The most popular and widely used of these technologies has been the biogas technology in which iomass (cow dung, poultry dropping, agricultural residue etc) is converted into biogas. The biogas is supplied to households for use in cooking in a similar way natural gas is used. In addition, biogas may be used to light houses. Biogas can also be used to run small generator to produce electricity for running electrical household appliances like TV, electric light, fridge etc. Biogas technology is the most ideal technology for rural Bangladesh. Biogas plant is built with simple technology and uses raw material easily available with the rural households — mostly cow dung. Biogas is a kind of gas generated when biomass i. . cow dung or other animal dung or biodegradable organic masses are stored in underground chamber in an anaerobic condition (absence of oxygen). It is a kind of anaerobic bacteria that produces the biogas from the organic debris. The composition of biogas is mainly methane (60 to 70%) with lesser amount of carbon dioxide (30 to 40%) and traces of hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas and burns in similar way as natural gas (it actually burns at 800  °C compared to natural gas which burns at 1000  °C, both suitable for cooking and any other household application). A biogas plant consists of a brick made nderground chamber about 10 feet in height connected to a smaller surface feeding chamber on one side and a debris outlet chamber on the other side. Cow dung or other biomass material with water (in 1:1 ratio) are fed once a day into the underground chamber from the surface and biogas is generated and accumulated at the top part of the chamber. The gas is tapped by inserting a rubber pipe and supplied to kitchen or other places in the house. After producing gas, the residue is moved to the outlet chamber under the gas pressure and incoming new biomass materials and is deposited in a pit as a very good uality fertilizer ready to use in the field. In Bangladesh about 44 million tons of fuel wood is used in rural areas as cooking fuel each year (Islam and Islam, 2011). These destroy our forest and have negative impact on weather, land and environment. Also, as other biomasses like leaves, cow dung and agricultural residues are burnt as cooking fuel, these can no more help as a natural fertilizer as part of the cycle that keeps Page 10 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the balance in the ecosystem. In all the above counts, use of biogas technology will bring about benefits to the nvironment and the people. It certainly upgrades an ageold inefficient and poor energy use practice into a more efficient and scientific one. Improved Cooking Stove ICS are those trad itional stoves upon which some modifications have been made to give higher thermal efficiencies. The efficiencies are defined as a fraction of heat content of the fuel fruitfully utilized. Improved stove save 50-60% traditional fuel as compared with traditional ones. Total amount of traditional fuel consumption in the country is about 39 million tons annually. If improved stoves popularized in the country and if it saves 50% raditional fuel, then annually about 19. 5 million tons of traditional fuel will be saved. The reduction s of traditional fuels by improved stoves, therefore , have lower emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. It also helps conserve the forest resources of the country. In Bangladesh it will be difficult to supply natural gas for cooking purpose to the every households of the country. Therefore, improved stoves have bright future in the country. Large scale dissemination of improved stoves in the country can conserve the local forest and change the soci al life to a great extent. Factors of SuccessRET is the technology of the Future. But unless this technology can reach the most deprived and vulnerable group in the world today – the millions of rural people who suffer most from the energy crisis – this technology will neither reach its full potential, nor will the economic and social problems of the world be solved. In the early stage when very few POs started to promote renewable among the rural people, village electrification was considered the domain of government programs and development aid, leaving a lega cy of inefficiency and squandered subsidies. Eventually some innovative financing scheme had been created to make RET ffordable for rural people. Innovative Financial Schemes to make the Technology Affordable at the same cost as Kerosene RET is still expensive relative to traditional energy sources. One of our initial challenges was to bring down the high upfront cost of a solar system. An innovative installmen t based financial scheme worked fantastically which reduced the cost of a system to monthly ker osene cost. This is at the central core of our success story. It also allowed us to expand our market and reach economies of scale which further allowed us to bring down our costs per unit and engage in a profitable, sustainable business.Instead of renting, we focused on ownership which translates into better care and longevity of the system. As the price of traditional energy sources rises, renewable energy technology is becoming more and more viable, especially due to its low per unit cost. But, the high upfront cost of the technology is still a major obstacle in generating the shift away from traditional fossil fuels and must be dealt with. Focus on Empowerment, Income Generation & Cost Savings Tiding the technology with income generation, cost savings, higher standard of living, and especially social and economical empowerment is very important . In ruralBangladesh, solar power became synonymous with social status, better living and more income. A rural family could save up to BDT 700 per month in energy cost while enjoying televisions and other modern amenities. Once the installments were paid off within 3 years, there was minimum running cost for nearly 20 years. This made solar a more attractive option than kerosene. They were social benefits also. The burden of women were reduced as they no longer had to clean kerosene soot , work under dim light and they could take part in home based income generating activities. Children could study under solar light and get connected o the outside world through televisions. For rural businesses, solar power meant productivity, more sales, income and jobs. A rural business could double its turnover by using solar while minimizing energy cost. Solar power especially helped improve connectivity, increase the sales of electronic goods, create new business opportunities such as mobile phones charging shops, electronics repair, maintenance shops, community television centers etc. A Strong Grassroots Network to provide after sales service, right at the doorsteps of the rural people Rural people are unlikely to invest in a technology which s not durable and no after sales service is available. We focused on creating a vast network of rural engineers who developed one to one rapport with their customers. They visited each monthly to offer free after sales service for nearly 3 years. Long term warranty (i. e. 20 years for panels, 5 years for batteries and 3 years for charge controllers etc. ) for SHS plus buyback option under which a client can return his /her system, if the area becomes grid connected is a wonderful weapon to explore renewable in the rural areas. A rural network of women technicians has been created to assemble and epair solar accessories to ensure low cost, quick effective repair, maintenance services and availability of spare parts, right at the door steps of the users. It also trained cus tomers on how to take care of their systems and provides them with training manuals. This meant well kept systems, minimum repair and maintenance cost for both clients and us. Capitalizing on Community Forces One reason for this sector was the active involvement of the rural community. Rural people were completely unaware of renewable energy technologies. Winning rural confidence played a vital role. Engagement of community leaders and organizing emonstrations helped a lot. Special focus on creating local stake-hold social and economical was significant. In order to keep the goodwill, the POs offered special packages for rural schools and madrasa. Introduction to scholarship for school children of solar users and design of especial programs for rural school children to seed awareness of renewable in the next generation were also done. Installation and maintenance the systems, Page 11 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 understand the local ma rket and customs were accelerated by the local youth. Setting up of village ased technology centers to assemble all solar accessories, creating jobs for local women was also essential. This bottom-down, decentralized approach has helped us to keep operating costs low, and gain acceptance by the local communities. GS was unique in that sense that GS not only provided clean energy solutions, but also created powerful social and economical forces for their adoption. For example, GS created jobs for young men and women who could earn enough in few years to install a system themselves. A Listening Culture coupled with Strong Quality Control Building institutional capacityChallenges and Opportunities Fully developing the infrastructure for renewable in Bangladesh requires more than just putting solar systems on the market. Many projects in t he country also work to remove the barriers to more widespread use of renewable systems and build the skills along with the partner organizations. Th ese POs facilitate a package of interventions to support Bangladeshi institutions in overcoming major market barriers. These institutions include rural electricity cooperatives, community-based organizations, NGOs, microfinance institutions, and private-sector groups. Women as Active agents of ChangeGS remain tuned to local needs by listening to our staffs and clients. The strong Audit and MIS system help GS seek new opportunities, meet challenges and forge ahead. We are flexible and localized in our approach, but without sacrificing quality. SHS registered exponential growth after the advent of IDCOL with the number of service providers, suppliers, manufactures multiplying. Bangladesh gained the capacity to manufacture all solar accessories expect for the solar panel. Our government has set a target of reaching all with electricity by 2020. Momentum has been created for solar power which our rural people have accepted whole eartedly. Solar & other renewable are in a position to pla y a very important role to complement government efforts to take electricity to all by 2020. We are yet to reach the penetration rate of mobile phones or televisions which has reached more than half portion of the rural market. We are yet to reach cost effectiveness to reach all rural income groups especially the lower income group in large numbers. Challenges: GS has set up village based GTC to train and empower young women to become Renewable Energy Technicians and Entrepreneurs. This was one of our most innovative and successful programs. These centers managed by omen engineers train rural women in renewable energy technology, enabling hundreds of rural women to earn extra money. These women who belong to most deprived class of their communities have learnt skills on assembling, installing and repairing and maintaining one of the most up to date technologies in the world. They assemble and repair solar accessories such as charge controllers, mobile chargers, invertors etc. This h as enhanced their social and economic value in their communities and contributed to women empowerment. These women have are the backbone of our local production and repair network helping rural people ccess cost effective, efficient services right at their door steps. They are powerful voices motivating other women, their families and neighbors to install solar and other renewable. Appropriate Product Design & Diversification GS with other POs promote and design high quality, innovative products which meet the diversified needs of rural clients. The customer tailored packages ranging from 10 to 135 watts allow a rural client to save energy, generate income and become the owner of a system after 1 or 3 years, at the same cost of kerosene. The standard 50 watt system allows a rural client enjoy 4 bright lights, atch televisions and power mobile phones. For the lower income grouped, there are 10 to 20 watt systems and micro-utility model which al lows sharing of one system by many. Dep ending on the income of a rural client, the design products varies to power computers, DC fans, refrigerators and income generating activities. Page 12 / 79 There are more than 30 organizations engaged in the rural renewable energy sector. Expect for a few, majority have a very small client base. Cutting edge business culture is yet to develop in this field because of the prevalence of NGO culture. There has been very little incentive for nnovation or new product development because most of the organizations depend on guaranteed soft loans from IDCOL. Present practice of vast rural network of branches and engineers translates in huge transaction cost and slow penetration rate. Lack of good communication especially during the rainy season constraints movements and increases transport cost. Seasonal variation in the income of the rural people makes collecti on of installment difficult. This is not cost effective or feasible in the long run. Training and retaining efficient human resou rce at the field level is also difficult. Incentive is low compared to the hard work.It is difficult for organizations to increase incentives in order to keep their costs low. There is lack of skilled engineers who can make cost effective and efficient SHS designs especially for productive applications. Another major challenge is high battery prices and inability to source quality materials or accessories cost effectively. Huge Tax and VAT are charged on import of all raw materials except solar panels. This increases the cost of local manufacturing of Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 solar accessories which in turn increases the cost of Solar Home Systems. ould otherwise come from the fertilizer producing industries. By helping to counter deforestation and degradation caused by overusing ecosystems as sources of firewood and by melioration of soil conditions, biogas technology reduces CO2 releases from these processes and sustains the capabilit y of forests and woodlands to act as a carbon sink. There has been very little incentives from the government to popularize RET except for long term soft loan through IDCOL. Most practitioners are over dependent on IDCOL with no diversification of funding. Mainstream financial institutions are yet to take a major interest in the RET sector.Improved Cooking Stoves can be one of the most cost effective devices to stop in -door air pollution and reduce deforestation. In this connection, GS has already constructed around 373,969 ICSs through local technicians. A huge positive response from women have been receiving because of 50% less fuel cost and smoke free cooking. Various POs could disseminate 10 million cooking stoves by 2015 if proper initiatives are taken . Opportunities: Exponential demand has been created among rural people for solar power and renewables. This is mainly due to increased price of kerosene, diesel, and lack of grid connected ower, decreased price of solar energy, and especially due to growing aspiration and economic diversification of the rural people. Dependence on land or agriculture is reducing, cattle is being replaced by power tillers, tractors etc. Nearly 60% of the rural people own a television. Diversification of rural economy concurrent with increasingly efficient solar systems has created market for larger Solar Energy System applications to power pumps, mini/micro grids for SMEs, internet kiosks etc. The rural farmers suffer from power shortage during the irrigation season and replacement of electric power pumps by solar pumps would save the rid system of 800 MW load on the national grid. There is also increasing demand in rural health and education sector for Integrated Energy Systems to power lights, computers, TVs and refrigerat ors etc. Solar power can fill the niche. Solar power can also be used for early warning systems, emergency lighting, water desalination etc. in disaster zones. Increasing load shading in the urban area s has made solar power an attractive option for urban dwellers. 1 to 10 KW systems to power lights, TVs and other appliances in domestic and commercial sector can easily create a niche, alongside diesel generators and Instant PowerSupply etc. Technical progress has reduced cost, increased efficiency and diversified the application of solar energy. For example, use of LED and CFL has reduced the cost of solar power, while increasing its efficiency. Pico systems (1 to 5 watts) can power 2 or more lights while charging mobile phones. This has brought solar technology within the reach of lower income groups. LED based systems have resulted in dramatic decrease in costs. Factors to reduce cost include efficient loads, innovative batteries, and lower module cost. We can use biogas technology not only generating cooking gas, but also for generating ure methane gas which can used for running vehicles, power pumps and other electronic equipment. This will facilitate rural development. Though some large s ized biogas plants in Bangladesh are generating electricity, needs. We can scale this up if we can purify the gas and place it in cylinders. We can use all types of wastes ranging from animal dung to crop resi dues for this purpose. This is successful technology which has been implemented in India, Sweden and many other countries. Our Government which is promoting independent power generation should also facilitate this type of technology. We can use biogas technology in urban areas to onvert wastes into electricity, gas and organic fertilizers. Again Biogas technology takes part in the global struggle against the greenhouse effect by reducing the release of CO2 from burning fossil fuels in two ways. First, biogas is a direct substitute for gas or coal for cooking, heating, electricity generation and lighting. Second, the reduction in the consumption of artificial fertilizer avoids carbon dioxide emissions that Bangladesh currently has a thriving RET sector with multip le companies manufacturing batteries, lightings and other solar accessories. Many of these companies are also exporting heir products. Recently government has decided to include solar as a thrust sector in its industry policy. Policy Options: Building a Cutting Edge Entrepreneur Based Structure Bangladesh is uniquely positioned to reach 75 million people with renewable energy technologies by 2015. However, we cannot tap into this huge potential through the existing model. We need to develop a cutting edge, efficient, flexible structure of rural based entrepreneurs who will take solar and other RET to every nook and corner of country to create a truly Solar Bangladesh. We need to focus on the following for the above transformation:Creating Clean Energy Entrepreneurs Page 13 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Providing long term soft loans at 5 to 6 % interest rate to all RET related businesses is needed. Present practice is that service provi ders can access soft loans after installing the systems. This does not take into account high upfront cost of sourcing supplies or developing the organizations. Similarly solar related manufacturing/ supply companies have to access loans at very high cost. Our financial incentives are focused on microfinance institutions. Instead of this, we should help create business companies small nd big at the district/sub-district level linked with local entrepreneurs to widespread RET. This would create ownership, innovations and competition. We can create village based women entrepreneurs to promote Improved Cooking Stoves etc. They would also assemble, repair solar accessories and provide after sales service. They can be linked with small credit from rural financial institutions. RET is a step in the right direction. However most clients / renewable energy companies have been unable to access the loan because loan is to be provided to SHS customers and reimbursement is only after the instal lation.Energy Companies are not able to directly access this fund. This financing scheme has failed to gain momentum because of complex regulations and risk adverse tendency of commercial banks. We can create village based SME entrepreneurs to popularize sol ar pumps, mini grids and biogas plants etc. The entrepreneurs would invest in the technology and earn a return by renting the technology to others. They can source loans from rural banks.  · District/sub district level companies can help rural based source loans and the technology through guarantee, information, while national level companies would help istrict/sub-district level small and big compani es to source finance, technology and build up their market. Including a component in housing loans for installing solar. Creating a special green fund for providing grant for pilot testing new projects. Providing matching grants through local government institutions to green our infrastructure such as rural schools , clinics, cyc lone shelters, etc. Focusing on an Efficient, Cost effective Supply Chain: We need to set up more battery and other solar accessory manufacturing units to create a competitive environment, reduce costs and increase efficiency. Our government should try o attract foreign investment and R & D in this sector. Creating a window in agricultural and other rural financial institutions to provide credit fo r RET, we can include training and credit for renewable energy technologies in our youth development programs. We should especially focus on SME loans and micro-credit loans for creating small and big entrepreneurs in the rural areas. Currently solar practitioners are suffering from high battery price. This can be solved through more battery companies. We should concentrate on manufacturin g export quality products to achieve economies of scale and tap into the world market. We can onsider setting up Green Enterprise Zones especially for solar accessories such as charge controllers, inver tors, mobile chargers etc with a focus on the rural areas to create green jobs. Circulating green bonds for raising capital for solar and other RET. Passing Pro -renewable energy Laws Providing special incentives such as long term soft loans, tax cuts for promoting solar both at the individual and commercial level. Biogas production can also be installed in combination with sanitation. Public toilets incorporating biogas units are particularly suitable for pen -urban areas and small towns in India where the supply of cooking gas is nadequate and wastewater treatment is unaffordable for the local authorities. Biogas systems can become part of decentralized wastewater treatment, and provide the fuel needed for heating water, for bathing and running generators to provide lighting in these facilities. Removing all VAT/Tax for all type of solar accessories and raw materials to reduce cost. Bangladesh has one of the highest tariff structures in the world. Providing tax holidays and other benefits for investing in solar businesses. Making it mandatory to have all market places, restaurants, commercial buildings to install solar. At the same time government should rovide soft loans for solar installation which would be part of housing loans. Easy Access to Green Credit & Funds: Investing in Capacity Development and R & D Page 14 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Developing a sustainable framework for developing human resources through country wide vocational centers, training institutes etc. Focus should be also on developing export quality human resource. This would also an incentive for private companies to participate with the maturing of the sector. Focusing on R & D to adapt and develop innovative technologies. We should have nnovation lab in all major universities which should be linked with international institutions and research institutions. Government should create an incentive structure such as competitions, awards to promote R & D. Facilitating new ideas such as installment collection through mobile phones, prepaid cards to scale up and reduce transaction costs. Conclusion Bangladesh has given birth to one of most successful models to replicate RET. Keys to these successes are an innovative credit system, appropriate product design, grassroots based effective and efficient after sales service plus other consumer friendly options. However, the main actor behind the Bangladesh success story is that it empowers rural communities to own and uses RET and eventually become partners to bring and expand RET in their communities. It seeks solutions that empower women, the disadvantaged, create jobs, facilitate rural development and especially protect the environment. To summarize, Bangladesh already has experience with RET projects. The potential of these project initiatives is high. Viable approaches need to be amplified to a broader context under a national RET strategy. In particular, the pilot sc hemes of RET development in Bangladesh need be scaled up to take a greater share in f niche markets for RET and strengthening relevant institutions to implement RET policy direction are possible avenues to assist with this. References 1. M S Islam and M R Islam (July 2011), Reducing biomass usage in rural areas of Bangladesh, South Asia Energy Network, Practical Action, Colombo, p . 4 -5 2. United States Agency for International Development (2011), Obtained from http://www. usaid. gov/bd/programs/energy. html [Accessed on 2nd October 2011] 3. Infrastructure Development Company Limited (2011), Obtained from http://www. idcol. org/prjshsm2004. php [Accessed on 3rd October 2011] Page 15 / 79

The Cheesecake Factory

There are a couple Of particular thoughts inside the set Of accepted rules that has some seriousness to the Cheesecake Factory†s business. It is basic that this set of principles is secured in light of the fact that staff parts must comprehend the Cheesecake Factory's morals and conviction framework in correlation to different associations in light of the fact that it may vary as to social substance, values, and requesting of convictions (Machines & Von, 2005). The principal critical thought in the set of accepted rules is clash of investment.The organization particularly expresses that a worker must keep away from circumstances in which a clash of investment would exist or have the presence of a clash of premium. This is greatly critical to the business on the grounds that it will keep workers from having the presence of giving special treatment to relatives, foremen, and business engages. In the event that the organization were to permit such conduct it could open them up to poor business exchanges that may not be beneficial and in addition block the current connections they have shaped with endorsed business associations.A typical case of this is if a general supervisor of an area had a relative who as a cry businessperson it would be disgraceful for that GM to use that relative to plan and offer requests of whimper to the restaurant. Besides, the set of accepted rules has procurements that make preparations for requesting. The non-requesting condition expresses that all workers and visitors should not feel influenced to buy or engage in merchandise and administrations that are non organization related.This is to help maintain a strategic distance from a circumstance where the organization's advantage ND brand is erroneously coincided with an alternate organization's advantage and brand. This can turn into a significant issue with a business in light of the fact that it can unmistakably open a business up to undue legitimate liabilities. Case in point, if a worker is offering corrective items inside the restaurant and the items cause a client to have a hypersensitive response the organization can be held at risk on the grounds that they gave the appearance they were embracing the items to the client.These two particular territories are greatly critical to the practicality of the business on he grounds that they can both open the organization up to undue obligation and are regularly two zones inside a set of accepted rules that can without much of a stretch be misconstrued. The key steps that can be taken by the executive to safeguard that the understood rules are followed by making the staff mindful of the set of principles. This is possible essentially by making it a vital piece of the employing procedure where the representative needs to sign that they read the set of principles and additionally being given a duplicate.This guarantees hat all workers are made mindful of the doe of behavior and having a duplicate promptly access ible when they are confronted with a circumstance they accept may have suggestions inside the set of principles. The Cheesecake Factory should then consider workers responsible to the implicit rules. This is possible through activity notices and verbal censures when there are infringement if the set Of accepted rules. For instance, the set of principles entirely forbids clashes of investment.In the event that the former case we expressed were to happen between the GM and the cry councilperson it would be basic that the representative is composed up expressing the infringement and the conceivable outcomes of their activities. It will be critical to distinguish the infringement on the implicit rules and additionally referencing their marking of the set of principles demonstrating they were mindful of the strategy'. Notwithstanding this It is critical that the Cheesecake Factory makes an environment where morals are esteemed.This is through the consolation of great choices through appl ause and in addition secretly decrying dishonest resistances. This is basic on the grounds that morals give a worker values that will figure out if their activities are correct or wrong and in addition if the result of such choices will be great or awful (Kicking & Grittier, 2004). When you make the best possible environment for morals to flourish you can guarantee that a set of accepted rules is maintained and hotly taken after. Finally, the Cheesecake Factory has a huge number of chances that could permit it to be all the more socially responsive in the groups in which it works.

Faculty empowerment and the changing university environment Research Paper - 1

Faculty empowerment and the changing university environment - Research Paper Example As per traditional system of teaching, the duty of the teacher confined to the teaching process alone. However, the responsibilities of the current teachers are much more than teaching alone. Current teachers are perceived as leaders rather than mere teachers. Current teachers guide the students towards the target by adopting different strategies. Since the students have different abilities, it is difficult for the teachers to use a standardized way of teaching. The teacher should change his/her strategies based on the requirement of each students. In other words, current teaching strategies are student centered rather than teacher centered. Most of the teachers are unaware of these changes happening in the academic world and empowerment is the only way to educate teachers about their changing roles in the schools and colleges. â€Å"Educational leaders must evolve to meet the needs of both students and faculty because, faculty members struggle with changing curricula, non-tradition al learning environments and new technology. They need their leaders to assist them with the transitions† (Arenas et al, 2009). Science and technology have developed a lot over the last few decades and the effects of these developments can be witnessed everywhere. Educational sector is one area which undergone drastic changes as a result of the advancements in science and technology.

Oil Subsides impact on a government budget in Indonesia Iran and Essay

Oil Subsides impact on a government budget in Indonesia Iran and Venezuela - Essay Example It is worth noting that subsidies on fuel consumption have critical macroeconomic consequences and that many subsidies fail to serve their purpose thus causing unsustainable development. This paper attempts to analyze oil subsides’ impact on a government budget in Indonesia Iran and Venezuela. Globally, all governments are greatly concerned with their energy sectors because of the key role energy plays in the economic development. Energy consumption calls for public interventions such as use of direct grants and all sorts of tax break that are hidden in public and economic structures (Gavish & Gavish, 2012). Two-thirds of all subsidies flow to fossil fuels where subsidies to energy production are common in industrialized countries while support to energy consumption dominate developing countries (Davis, 2013). Different categories of subsidies have different impacts that include low energy prices that enhance overuse and waste while underpricing hurts energy producers. On the other hand, producer subsidies promote overproduction characterized by protection and quantity regulations that trigger further distortions in the local economy. Rationale to subsidize energy has always been to stimulate economic growth but the notion changed after the oil crises in 1970s. The growth motive was no longer considered important because governments thought it necessary to safeguard domestic energy supply while developing countries subsidized energy consumption to fuel economic growth. According to Davis (2013), energy subsidies are believed to avert possible barriers to growth although this concept has been proven ineffective especially in stimulating economic growth. According to Gavish & Gavish (2012), there are studies that show that energy subsidies hamper economic growth and therefore eliminating them (subsidies) may provide incentives for a more efficient resource allocation and spur economic growth. Moreover, energy subsidies

Quickly work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quickly work - Essay Example Consumers tend to believe that goods and services with well known brand names are much better than the products whose names or brands are not well known. The process of evaluating or establishing if a given company’s brand name is well known by customers is known as Brand Equity (Aaker, 2009). If one examines the car industry, some brands have been in the market since the invention of automobiles. A good example of such a company is the Ford motor company which despite emergence of many companies, Ford has continued to experience success especially in the American market just as a result of its brand name. Other companies such as Toyota have been producing cheaper and better cars, but despite this, Ford is among the favorite car brands in the United State of America. There are various approaches to ensure brand equity in a company. One of the approaches is known as customer based equity brand approach. This approach was developed by Kevin Keller hence it is referred to as Kell er’s Brand Equity Model. The approach is best understood by using the diagram below; The above diagram simplifies the application of the customer based brand equity. In the first step, the goal of the company should be to create customer awareness or salience. This means the business establishment should ensure that its brand stands out, and it can be easily recognized by its customers. The second step involves identifying and communicating what the company’s brand means. This step is further subdivided into two, which are performance and imagery. Performance entails defining how well the company’s brand will fulfill consumer needs. Imagery involves showing how the business establishment’s products meet the needs of the consumer on a psychological and social level. The third step involves consumers responding to the brand in two ways. These are feelings and judgments. Consumers will always make judgments about a company’s product based on superiori ty, quality, and credibility. Consumers will also respond to a company’s brand based on how it makes them feel. The final step in the customer based model is resonance, which is the most difficult level to reach in brand equity. This is where consumers will have a psychological bond with the company’s brand. This usually takes many years for a company’s brand to attain this level. If a business establishment attains this stage, then brand equity will be realized in the company’s product. In conclusion, brand equity has been important over the years because it is believed that a brand is among the high value assets a business establishment can have. This is indeed a fact that is practiced in markets. Brand equity is applied in showing the extent to which consumers know about a product, and this goes a long way in attracting loyal customers and boosting sales. Question 2 Adaptive marketing communication strategies are approaches in marketing that adapt to c hanges in various factors as a result of time. One of the major factors that results in the use of adaptive strategies of communication is technological changes. Technology changes have revolutionized a lot not only in communication, but in almost all sectors of the economy. Adaptive marketing communication strategies make sure that a company is ready for any change in the communication sector of the

Objectives and Targets Step for Making Music Festivals Essay

Objectives and Targets Step for Making Music Festivals - Essay Example The festival has been identified to be offering different accommodation services to the visitors or audiences through camping fields. The visitors are also provided with the opportunity of bringing caravans as well as campervan for their accommodation during the festival. Visitors are also offered with the opportunity of having both on-site and off-site camping services (Glastonbury Festivala, 2014). The main objective of this project includes the evaluation of the increasing count of visitors who attend or participate in this Greenfield festival. Depending on the evaluation, project strategies regarding the provision of appropriate accommodating facilities to the increasing rate of audience inflow are formulated. In this regard, for attracting the major portion of the visitors, the objectives of the business are provided hereunder. Arrangement for accommodation for the audience of the Glastonbury Festival has always been a tedious job taking consideration of the fact that every year this Greenfield festival brings in a new and increased count of a population that may even cross few millions (Glastonbury Festival). In this regard, the audience for the accommodation service does not depend on any specific gender and age. In addition, the festival is identified to attract the youth to a large extent. In this regard, the specific target audience for the accommodation will be to attract 40 percent of the youth as well as normal adults. The specific target audience for the festival will also comprise both luxury and classic services. The accommodation services are segregated on the basis of luxury as well as a classic so that visitors are able to have their accommodation on the basis of their preferences (Glastonbury Festivalc, 2014; Glastonbury Festival; Guardian News and Media Limited, 2014). The accommodation services offered in the Glastonbury festival is based on certain factors that include privacy, room space, access to the festival, car parking facilities and  catering services.  

A Dialogue Over Marijuana And Its Characteristics Assignment

A Dialogue Over Marijuana And Its Characteristics - Assignment Example So I reached my classroom, drew a marijuana leaf, for class 11 students they thought in their current affairs class they would be discussing biology. However, they were soon proved wrong to their utter surprise. I stood firm to the ground and raised the following question to the students: â€Å"Who here thinks that Marijuana should be legalized in Europe and the rest of the world†? Many of them did not know what I was talking about, so I explained the herb and its characteristics. As everyone else would have thought, they came to the conclusion that this was a drug and they better stay away from it. Which was the point basically. However, quite of a few of them wanted to know about it more and wanted to try it before making any judgements about it. One kid asked the obvious question which was going to come up sooner or later. â€Å"Is it our right to smoke Marijuana?† Well, that question brought me back to the various arguments and confrontations I have had with people over the legal right to smoke Marijuana. ... I told my students that freedom always comes at a price. If you are willing to pay the price then you can go ahead and enjoy the freedom. However, it is pertinent to note that people in my class were reluctant to question the system as it stood there. Not many of them really thought that it was worth the spending time. I mean, why would anyone want to indulge in an illegal activity of smoking pot when one knows that he can be arrested for this? Not many were willing to take th steps and I don’t blame them. Introspection: The reason why I spoke about marijuana is very peculiar to what I think is the true value of freedom. In today’s world there are quite a few rebels out there. Not many peple aer ready to question he system and those who do have no understanding or aim to reach somewhere. Marijuana is long been known as a recreational drug. It is not really a drug, but a more recreational medicine which was used abundantly in medieval India. People in India like sadhus a nd saints used to smoke this leaf over and over again and derived great pleasure out of this. They were extremely intellectual and were always ahead of their times, not because they smoked pot, but because they were inherently like this and it catapulted them to smoking pot for recreational usage. The irony has become now that the USA whose ideology was founded by men who smoked pot ended up banning the same drug. They were not ready to allow its existence, mostly because at that time due to the external industrial forces smoking marijuana had already become an illegal and taboo thing to do. Reaction: As a teacher I am always on the lookout for students that have the knack to do something about their present in order to improve their future and utilize the best of every

People, Power & Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

People, Power & Politics - Essay Example He was a Minister of Christian views based on Biblical principles. Malcolm X did not have the same opportunity afforded King. Malcolm X was almost entirely self educated and grew up in a poor family. Malcolm X was a follower of Islam as opposed to King’s Christian convictions. Obviously, the4se two men came from very different backgrounds. King in his famous speech entitled â€Å"American Dream†, outlines his desire for equality not only in treatment between blacks and whites but also in possessions and class standings. He wanted to see cultural change that allowed for blacks and whites to be afforded the same opportunities both educationally and economically. Malcolm X, for much of his time as a public speaker and representative for black youth, felt that the black community had suffered enough injustice at the hands of the white man, and deserved to not only receive what they were deprived of but also deserved to seek revenge from white society. Malcolm X countered the speech â€Å"the American Dream† given by King, by giving the equally famous speech â€Å"the American Nightmare† where he details his notion of â€Å"an eye for an eye†. King’s method of making a change was done through a passive mode of justice whereas Malcolm X sought revenge for the many years of oppression infli cted on African -Americans at the hand of whites. Both Malcolm X and King sought racial justice and equality. King’s approach was to pursue though non-violence, a coexistence of love between blacks and whites alike. King once said â€Å"the reason I can’t follow the old eye for an eye philosophy, is that it ends up leaving everybody blind†. Inversely, Malcolm X saw violence as a necessity as the only way to achieve change would be to challenge adversity by fighting or physically rising up. As the two great leaders approached the end of their lives, they began to see things in a more

Question 2. Standardized Testing of Students Essay

Question 2. Standardized Testing of Students - Essay Example Without a doubt, this uniform and consistent system of assessment has now become an indispensable and requisite part of most of the schools, colleges and universities all over the globe. These educational institutions therefore, spend millions of dollars every twelve months on this system wide testing of their students to judge them in all possible aspects and assist them in overcoming their faults and flaws (Sacks, 12). Initially there were only a few educational institutions that were adopting the special standardized system of assessments (Heller, 152). However with the rapid pace of time and the excessive competitiveness in the world a number of agencies have been developed that are conducting these tests. Some of the most prominent evaluation agencies of the world are named as the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), Educational Testing Service (ETC), National Council on Educational Standards and Testing (NCEST) and many more widespread all over the world. These a gencies have great expertise in their tasks and are highly professional in conducting the testing methods and practices. This standardized system of evaluating the students was basically introduced for the purpose of shaping the learners so that they get pretty much suitable for the remediation. In addition, this system has therefore gained so much in popularity that renowned educational institutions have started adopting this system. The reason behind this excessive adaptation is the fact that people have widely developed so much trust factor on these testing service agencies. The trust factor is developed because these agencies are well reputed, rated and most importantly known for their unbiased attitude. They treat all students with complete justice and make sure that no unbiased practice exists within their system. Thus all this results in a positive outcome that all the students are objectively judged and evaluated that ultimately lend them a hand to improve on their mistakes. No matter these testing systems are really authentic and bonafide but the question arises that, why do the school, colleges and universities pay so much to get these external services rather than conducting the tests within their management. The reason behind this statement is that these agencies not simply conduct the evaluative assessments but also provide countless benefits to the institutes that hire these agencies. Some major pros of these standardized tests can be highlighted as they are greatly efficient and effective to provide two most important sources of information. These information sources that include the standardized system can bring into play as to weigh up the student’s potential, capability, competence and aptitude towards his or her studies. In turn all these evaluations will lend a hand to the student and institute in order to endow with enhanced or improved teaching, responsibility, and the control (Hamilton et al, 3). Moreover, it also encompasses the piece of evidence that this information can even be used in order to make a number of important and imperative decisions. In addition, the overall focus of these harmonized and uniform tests revolve around her universal and collective nature. It is devised or proposed to the students in a common mode for the reason that the management and admin do not become erratic or capricious in reflecting the complete performance of the students. Thus, all these controlled and calculative variables escort to an

Purpose of a Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Purpose of a Literature Review Essay Purpose of a Literature Review to identify what has already been done/found, in relation to the research topic that is being studied and answers the question of what needs to happen next. provide a brief overview of research youve read. Demonstrate that you understand the topic and have significant knowledge within the field of study and then make a case. Making a case may be an analysis of research, study, or conceptual argument. Also, be sure to include a persuasive argument. At the end of a literature review you should identify a gap or misinterpretation within the information (identify and explore the gap). My approach to writing this literature review was somewhat similar to the writing of a regular essay. Ive used this approach in past assignments Ive completed including such as a narrative and an annotated bibliography. They all have similar characteristics. Thank goodness for this! It gives me an idea of where to start. I believe these common characteristics are the main subject of the piece of writing and evidence/textuality of your point from other readings. Textuality is using pieces of writing from other works to support your points.  Beware, though these essays may serve as a guide, they also have many differences. What should you do next? *Ponders* Information! Information! Information! Be resourceful, support your claims, justify your answers. It is important that you do this in the correct way. My greatest advice would be to ask your professor for a peer review guide and use it as you write. This will ensure that your writing is clear, organized, flowing, and well-written. If you feel as though you cannot do this for yourself, Id suggest having someone else read your literature review aloud. Dailyns essential steps to writing a literature review; these are my own ideas so I have no proof if they actually worked until I recieve feedback. Im hoping I pulled this one together. How do you approach literature reviews? Good luck, and until next time. Take care. Literature Reviews What this handout is about This handout will explain what a literature review is and offer insights into the form and construction of a literature review in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. Introduction OK.  Youve got to write a literature review. You dust off a novel and a book of poetry, settle down in your chair, and get ready to issue a thumbs up or thumbs down as you leaf through the pages. Literature review done. Right? Wrong! The literature of a literature review refers to any collection of materials on a topic, not necessarily the great literary texts of the world. Literature could be anything from a set of government pamphlets on British colonial methods in Africa to scholarly articles on the treatment of a torn ACL. And a review does not necessarily mean that your reader wants you to give your personal opinion on whether or not you liked these sources. What is a literature review, then? A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant. But how is a literature review different from an academic research paper? The main focus of an academic research paper is to develop a new argument, and a research paper will contain a literature review as one of its parts. In a research paper, you use the literature as a foundation and as support for a new insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions. Why do we write literature reviews? Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research papers investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers. Who writes these things, anyway? Literature reviews are written occasionally in the humanities, but mostly in the sciences and social sciences; in experiment and lab reports, they constitute a section of the paper. Sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself.

Fresh Direct PESTEL, SWOT and Porters Five

Fresh Direct PESTEL, SWOT and Porters Five INTRODUCTION Direct food is an online order taker for the delivery of fresh goods to their customers. They promise to provide delivery to their customers at very next day. They are operating in more than 48 states in U.S.A. in New York, they came with the saying the new way to shop for food. as they are providing online business, they do not have to pay for the rent for the land. the quality is obtained by SAP software. They are highly dealing on cleanliness, healthy and safety. they are meeting the highly customer quality demands. The key for the success of Fresh Direct is the system efficiency. each department of the food, bring ingredients e.g. milk, beef, chicken from the shorter distance. they also sold restaurant worthy foods. its processing facility at Manhattan customer is its cost effective operational design. the delivery goes via refrigerated truck. The minimum order should be of $50. it has $60 Million start up cost. they are hoping to turn on the daily profit. Fairway is the partner of the Fresh Direct. it is working on the basis of low price. then they have collaborated with Donaldson Lukfin Jenrette. They are focusing on mergers and acquisitions. there is a constant change in management. they are changing after small periods. They are hoping to capture 5% of the grocery market of New York. the company is working on the basis of low cost marketing strategy. they are working on the strategy of eliminating middlemen. they believe that customers would accept a limited package brand. Fresh Direct foods website provides a number of fresh foods as well as abundance of information. people in the city preferred to shop from here, as they do not have to carry the grocery with them. they ccan have all the items at their homes just after one click. INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS PESTLE FRAMEWORK 1- Political Factors Fresh Directs performance is heavily influenced by political and legislative conditions in those countries, including the European Union (EU). For labor law, the government encourages retailers to offer a combination of employment opportunities for flexible jobs, lower wages and local basis a highly skilled, better paid and central. Fresh Direct believes that retail trade has a large impact on employment and the factors of people, being an inherently local industry and labor intensive. 2- Economical Factors The international business continues to grow, the company remains highly dependent on the U.S.A market. Therefore, Fresh Direct would be seriously affected by a slowdown in the market for U.S.A 3- Social Factors Current trends indicate that U.S customers have moved to the single and bulk purchases, which is due to social changes. Demographic changes such as aging factor, the increase of women employees and a decrease in preparing meals at home means that U.S.A retailers focuses on value-added products services. Consumers are increasingly aware of health problems, and attitudes toward food are constantly changing. 4- Technological Feature The influenced that plays a major role towards development of many products from Fresh Direct. New technologies benefit both customers and company increases customer satisfaction as the assets are available, services can be more personalized and more convenient. The commercial launch of the Efficient Consumer Response, the initiative provided that change as this company is dealing with online services, it is necessary for the company to focus on latest technology. 5- Environmental Factors main theme of society threatens food retailers has been the to act socially responsible. the government for sustainable to reduce waste, reduce resource consumption and minimize 6- Legislative Factors Code of Practice should set out the prohibition of many current practices, such as requiring payments to suppliers and prices agreed retroactively change without notice. PORTERs FIVE FORCES MODEL 1- Threat of New Entrants it has a strong barrier to new firms to enter the grocery market. For example, it becomes quite, since the. Differentiation achieved by Fresh Direct and Ads in their aggressive tactics seen in operation in product development, promotional activities and a better distribution. 2- Bargaining Power of Suppliers This strength represents the authority of the contractor that can be prejudiced by the major superstore manacles and the dread of bringing up the rear business to large supermarkets. Providers are vulnerable by the upward capability of huge merchant to starting place their foodstuffs from out of the country at subordinate prices. The affiliation with vendors may have similar effects on limiting strategic freedom to influence the company and their margins. The forces of bloodthirsty contention have condensed earnings margins for superstore cuffs and suppliers. 3- Bargaining Power of Customers Porters theory that the products that become standard or undifferentiated, the lower the cost of change, and therefore, more power to the buyers pays Porter, M. (1980). On low prices, better choices, the constant stream of promotions in stores allows brands like Fresh Direct to manage and retain their customer base. 4- Threat of Substitutes General replacement can decrease the command for meticulous manufactured goods, as there is a danger of clientele toggle to substitute. In the food industry this can be seen as a product-by-product or the replacement of the require and was additional destabilized by new-fangled tendency such as how diminutive convenience store chains are up-and-coming in the manufacturing. In this case, Fresh Direct, Ads and Sainsburys are annoying to get your hands on obtainable small-scale procedure and the opening of local towns and city centers. 5- Bargaining Power of Competitors The food environment has knowledgeable momentous enlargement in the dimension and market ascendancy of the principal players, with better stores, increasing retail concentration and the use of a wide range of formats, now are the salient features of the sector. As declare higher than, the obtain power of the provisions engineering to put on the market is concentrated in the hands of a comparatively diminutive number of put up for sale bargain hunter. This highly competitive market has encouraged a rapid level of development, leading to a situation in which the U.S.A retail grocery had to be innovative to maintain and increase its market share. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS It is essential to take into account the internal operational efficiency Fresh Direct in how to identify critical success factors of the company in the sector of food retailing. 1 Brand and Reputation Fresh Direct is a trademark and also serves as the central strategic advantage. manufactured goods expansion and overhaul development of the companionship have been re-engineered in order to smooth the progress of improved running of product living sequence and supplementary competent accomplishment of the full assortment of products to customers. Fresh Direct innovative ways to get better the purchaser shopping knowledge, as well as its labors to broaden your horizons the economics and indemnity have also capitalized on the physically powerful brand reputation. 2 IT Integration Fresh Directs operations have become necessities, not luxuries. Inventory control systems, keep all records of stocks and deliveries and analyze commerce communication are the salvation of the companionship. TI has grown beyond its traditional role in supporting and have acquired a central role in formulating business strategy. Extranet system used by the company, allowing Fresh Direct to use the Internet to create information flows proprietary and custom between the company and its business partners. 3 Supplier Management Fresh Direct, like many other supermarket companies, the sources of their products from foreign manufacturers are more competitive in price and volumes. As a most important merchant advertising miscellaneous manufactured goods range. As a result, it is the strategy of the company and the main focal point of the company have unique relationships with suppliers. INTERNAL ANALYSIS COMPETITORS OF FRESH DIRECT YourGrocer.com your Grocer is a first competitor of Fresh Direct. it was developed on the strategy of bulk-buying. it offers a limit advantage that you can only purchase in the form of bulk. delivery is done in different time slots according to the location of the customers. PeaPod peapod is a strong competitor of Fresh Direct.in many metropolian areas, Peapod provides online delivery and shopping services. it was founded in 1989 by two brothers Andrew and Thomas Parkinson. it has grown to be one of leading Americas Internet grocers. Peapod somewhat owns subsidiary of international food provider Royal Ahold, and also works in collaboration with Ahold USA supermarket companies which includes Stop Shop and Giant Food. in 2007, it started to provide online shopping to its customers. it had a central distribution model in every market. NetGrocer it was founded in 1996, and it says it is the first super market which provides non perishable goods to its customers. it is very difficult to find non perishable goods in the market. it serves in 48 states of the U.S.A markets. its customers are busy families and urban dwellers. it works 24 hours a day. and directly provide goods at their homes. Other Challenges the most new threat is that Amazon.com has also entered in the field of dry goods delivery. it has threatened all other online super retails. however, it would also be difficult for the Amazon to compete in this giant market. as they might have problem of grocery delivery failure. CORE COMPETENCIES The companys main objective is to recognize that competition between companies is as much a race for the competition as it is for the marketplace situation and souk authority. Consequently, the purpose for the organization of Fresh Direct is to focus on competencies that really affect competitive advantage. Competition leads to levels of performance of an activity or process that is much better than their competitors. Benchmarking can help to understand the presentation principles and what comprise high-quality or appalling presentation. On the other hand, Fresh Direct will be crucial to look at the type level. Through a long period of operations, Fresh Directs core competencies have to be fixed. Fresh Direct has to adapt to the rapidly changing new circumstances and opportunities, so that their basic skills determination encompass to adapt and change. The example was when the company launched its loyalty card and went to the bench. SWOT ANALYSIS 1 Strengths It is working in 48 states of U.S.A. This has led to its brand and financial strength to become strengths in themselves. This has led to many more shops under construction in the country and abroad, leading to geographical force. The introduction of Fresh Direct Express and Fresh Direct metro led to show strength in flexibility. they have a heavy brand reputation. 2- Weaknesses SWOT analysis of Fresh Direct is bound to reveal some shortcomings. One example of many, is the amount of fossil fuel used in its transportation network. With rising oil prices, Fresh Direct has to keep a close watch on transport costs. Another weakness comes from the dependence on market Fresh Direct supermarkets in the U.S.A. Therefore, it is increasing its foreign media and the sale of other assets. it has not a consistent C.E.O. which may be danger for the company success. 3- Opportunities Major new opportunities for Fresh Direct, like all businesses, is in the online arena, and a SWOT analysis of Fresh Direct should focus on this field. Fresh Direct has already had much success online, having become the Amazon threat into an opportunity by selling books at less prices. Fresh Direct, the biggest problem in search of opportunity is possible to decide exactly which ones to followthey can also operate in other countries, as well as Asian ountries. another opportunity may be diversity of the product. 4- Threats Possible threats to Fresh Direct include fluctuations in the stock market and tax increases. Most companies are concerned about taxes, and have a goal of reducing the tax burden. But probably the biggest threat is the innovation of supermarkets, including YourGrocer, NetGrocer and Peapod etc. there may be an increase in the number of customers. GENERIC STRATEGIES Generic strategies are characterized by the response of an individual retail industry structure. For a retail giant such as Fresh Direct, to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage must go after moreover one of three general strategies, urbanized by Porter. This strategy is based on Fresh Directs costs so well that they can have a significant competitive advantage. If Fresh Direct uses another strategy of differentiation, products with unique features that customers value. Fresh Direct will be able to build brand loyalty of their offers, and therefore, lack of elasticity of prices by buyers. The last strategy approach may be a cost leadership or differentiation strategy address a narrow market, centered. To perform a cost leadership strategy focuses Fresh Direct to create internal efficiencies that will help them to resist external pressures. Therefore, it seems reasonable to think that Fresh Direct have frequent interactions with governmental and regulatory and environmental supplier. According to this framework, Fresh Direct can also choose to limit their products to the market in general, therefore remain a focus strategy or niche. Fresh Direct is following a move toward of cost management or demarcation, whats more in a specific marketplace or specific products. The danger of some against the association is annoying to do each and every one three and become what is known as caught in the middle. In the case of Fresh Direct is not suitable, since it has a clear commerce approach with a clearly defined market segment. Product Development: Diversification Changes in the business environment can create a demand for new products and services to the detriment of the benefit. An scoff matrix also suggests that if you expand new foodstuffs for existing markets, then a manufactured goods expansion approach has to be well thought-out by the stage of management a production. In mounting and diversifying the product mix of Fresh Direct, is also crucial to the internal development when developing new products. The nature and quantity of diversification should also be well thought-out in family member to the explanation of company approach and portfolio diversity. Following the changing needs of Fresh Direct customers can bring in new-fangled manufactured goods appearance. This may necessitate supplementary concentration to R D, consequential in supplementary expenditure. The put on the market manufacturing is understanding overcapacity and ground-breaking products and services is the greatest competitive advantage. Therefore, innovation has to be the main driver of product development for Fresh Direct. For example, Fresh Direct can build up a collection of dissimilar store arrangement in the U.S.A, each intended to make available a dissimilar shopping knowledge. While most of Eastern Europe and outlets in the Far East are hypermarkets, Fresh Direct can also develop different types of stores in these markets. This value added by the uniqueness Fresh Direct eventually lead to a price premium. The organization of technical modernism is all the time more involved in tactical conclusion manufacture. Fresh Direct has to take advantage of its strengths and diminish its inside weak spot in order to achieve a sustained competitive advantage. MARKET OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION Frameworks and tools for structuring the strategy are key to evaluating the commerce circumstances. The risk and worth trade-offs are completed unambiguous, resulting in tangible proposals to add value and reduce risk. Explicit action plans, including the need to plan to be developed by Fresh Direct as the strategic alternative. Generic strategies discussed above, Fresh Direct is likely to employ two strategic options are also likely to be primary targets of the market to focus on market development through partnerships and diversification through the development of new products. Marketplace approach development, combined expansion and strategic alliances When toward the inside new marketplace such as China and Japan can hand out as a key driver of revenue growth and company expansion strategy. Fresh Direct interests in Japan is likely to grow in time, as markets in Asia are showing increased consumer spending and a greater tendency to retail. This new-fangled market are also demographically far above the ground occasion markets. In the case of Fresh Direct, one of the strategic options suggested in international partnerships with local retailers in the Asian markets. Be well thought-out as a method of expansion and can be taught to take advantage of existing possessions and competition. By entering into joint ventures or alliances, in order to achieve greater economies of scale and market presence, Fresh Direct will be based on local knowledge and extensive experience of running the family, while adding together its own succession supply, item for consumption progress and operation skills to make available better accumulate shopping understanding to clients. On the other hand, prearranged the mammoth impending weighing machine and complication of these markets, may experience that Fresh Direct is the most important delivery service is not necessarily an advantage. The success of the partnership fall under three most important accomplishment criteria: sustainability, satisfactoriness and probability. Sustaina bility refers to whether a approach speak to the circumstances underneath which the companionship is in commission. This is the judgment of this expansion approach of market development. Suitability is connected to the expected benefits of the strategy, the level of risk and the possible reaction of stakeholders. Roads will be well thought-out if Fresh Direct has the possessions and cleverness to execute the approach. BEST STRATEGY The success of Fresh Direct shows how service delivery and effective brand can come to go beyond the splash of a emblem on a announcement. It had promoted commanding individuality by making their perception into a disease retiling and the spending on civilization outs from side to side various channels: educational support, supporting argument, and the customer experience and product additional room. In a altering commerce surroundings, with the weight of high-end participant Fresh Direct have to assume new-fangled approach for development or diversification of to be had ones in order to continue its principal market position in a marketplace of retail by now in place. The companionship must regularly adapt to speedily changing circumstances. strategy formulation, therefore, be regarded as a continuous learning process, which includes learning about the objectives, the consequence of promising proceedings towards these goals and how to put into practice and put into effect these actions. The excellence of a put together strategy and momentum of its implementation thus directly dependent on the quality of cognitive and behavioral learning processes Fresh Direct. In large organizations like Fresh Direct strategy must be analyzed and applied at various levels within the hierarchy. These dissimilar levels of approach should be connected and reciprocally compassionate. Fresh Directs approach at the corporate level defines the business in which Fresh Direct will struggle, in a way that focus possessions to exchange the antagonism at a dissimilar bloodthirsty benefit.

Siddhartha Plot Analysis :: essays research papers

Siddhartha Plot Analysis Siddhartha decides to join the Samanas. â€Å"Tomorrow morning, my friend, Siddhartha is going to join the Samanas. He is going to become a Samana.† Govinda blanched as he heard these words and read the decision in his friends. Determined face, undeviating as the released arrow from the bow. Govinda realized from the first glance at his friends face that it was now beginning. Siddhartha was on his own way, his destiny was beginning to unfold itself, and with his destiny, his own. (Page 9) Analysis: This is Siddharthas first step towards moksha/ enlightenment. He believes that he must give everything up in order to reach is goal. This shows that he is serious about doing so. Siddhartha and Govinda leave the Samanas. â€Å"But very well, my friend, I am ready to hear that new teaching†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On the same day, Siddhartha informed the eldest Samana of his decision to leave him. (Page 22, 23) Analysis: They leave the Samanas when Siddhartha gets the notion that being an ascetic isn’t the way to achieve his goal. This is a little progression towards his goal and shows he is beginning to understand what he must do. Siddhartha and Govinda seek out the Buddha. The woman said: â€Å"You have come to the right place, O Samanas from the forest. The Illustrious One sojourns in Jetavana, in the garden of Anathadindika†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Look,† said Siddhartha softly to Govinda, â€Å"there is the Buddha.† The Buddha went quietly on his way, lost in thought. His peaceful convenience was neither happy nor sad. He seemed to be smiling gently inward. (Page 26, 27) Analysis: Siddhartha believes he may be able to learn to become enlightened by the Buddha. Again, this shows how dedicated he is to his goal. Siddhartha and Govinda hear the teachings of the Buddha. â€Å"Today we will hear the teachings from his own lips,† said Govinda. They heard his voice and this was also perfect, quiet and full of peace. Gotama talked about suffering, the origin of suffering, the way to release from suffering. Life was pain; the world was full of suffering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 28, 29) Analysis: At this point Siddhartha realizes what he must do. This is a big turning point in this book and shows his true character. Siddhartha leaves the Buddha, Govinda stays. Govinda, the shy one, also stepped forward and said: â€Å"I also wish to pay my allegiance to the Illustrious One and his teachings.† He asked to be taken into the community and was accepted.

Comparing Death in Do not go gentle into that good night and Death Be N

Death in Do not go gentle into that good night and Death Be Not Proud  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poems "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "Death Be Not Proud" both deal with the subject of death. These poems seem to have contradictory messages about death, yet at the same time have similar attitudes toward it. "Death Be Not Proud" talks about how death really has no power over people, while "Do not go gentle into that good night" says that it is part of human nature to fight against death. Both "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "Death Be Not Proud" see death as an opponent; however, one sees it as an adversary that is already defeated while the other sees it as an enemy that must be defeated. In "Death Be Not Proud" Donne says "those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow / Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me"(lines 3-4). This passage shows Donne's belief that people will always overcome death. In Thomas' poem, he writes "Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright / Their frail deeds might have danced in the green bay, / Rage, rage against the dying of the light" (7-9). Even the "good men" are in the end defeated by death according to Thomas. The tone of both of these poems is one of resentment towards death, although in dissimilar ways. In "Death Be Not Proud" Donne hates death because it thinks it has power over humans and in his opinion just the opposite is true. Donne says that death is a "slave to Fate, Chance, kings, and desperate men." (9). He thinks death has no reason to be proud because he relies on these things for its power, so really people have power over death. Thomas feels almost the opposite, though. He sees death as having power over people, and is saying that people do not ... ...is father do the same. Although "Death Be Not Proud" is seemingly directed at the personification of death, it seems like it could also be directed at the people who treat death like it is "Mighty and dreadful" (2). He wants to get this message across to those that fear and respect death that death is controlled by people, not the other way around. These two poems can each be summed up by one line from each. In "Do not go gentle into that good night" the main point of the poem is "Old age should burn and rave at the close of day" (2), and in "Death Be Not Proud," "death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die" (14). When one looks at these two lines, the essence of these two poets disagreement on death is typified. Thomas believes one should "not go gentle into that good night," while Donne believes death is the "Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery" (8).

Participant Observation Essay -- participant-observer

Participant Observation Participant Observation is the study of a culture or society usually carried out by living for an extended period of time with its members. The participant-observer takes part in everyday life and carefully records such things as behaviour, events and conversations, in order to obtain a fully rounded picture of beliefs, social groupings and customs. There are two different forms of Participant Observation: Overt observation is when the subjects are aware they are being observed and allow the observer in to their lives, this is often the most criticised form due to bias, Covert observation is when the subjects are not aware they are being observed and therefore the process has to remain secret to remain relevant. The main benefit of Participant Observation as a means of research is the deeper experience and insight of the activities and customs of particular societies that the observer gains. They become immersed into a particular culture and surroundings in an effort to gain a greater understa...

Langston Hughes’ Salvation

In the accepted design of things, a child’s mind is beautifully fuelled by the balance of both remarkable simplicity and seemingly undamaging curiosity to discover life, in spite of all its questions, contradictions, and intricacies. The mind of a child naturally takes every and any thought, idea, and principle, no matter how plain or complex, and dissects them quite amazingly into its most literal meaning, despite any and every traditional and substantial belief, credibility, and association it holds. More often than not, the concept of fathoming any idea and form of spiritual and existential conviction for a child is unsurprisingly basic and basically unsurprising. However, as poet, playwright, short story writer, and novelist Langston Hughes chronicles, once when he was twelve, a particular visit to church shattered all sensibilities of devout spiritual naivety and caused him to cross over into a state of realization beyond his years then which he would carry thereafter—realization of faith of concept of God of possibly not being true at all. As philosopher and poet George Santayana (2008) puts, â€Å"Wisdom comes by disillusionment,† which summarizes that certain childhood experience of a young Langston Hughes—wisdom, in many variety, which exponentially posed endless queries for a young mind (n. p. ). The experience brought forth many forms of disenchantment from the idea of a church and belief system, the credibility of the revival process, personal salvation from sin, and even the concept of the Messiah, Jesus Christ. A young Langston, in his unassuming state, has been well-oriented by his Aunt Reed about what to expect during a revival ceremony before his inadvertent enlightenment. He was told that he was to see a light as an indication that Jesus had come into his life which equivocally translates to personal salvation. As a young Langston (2003) recalls and stresses, â€Å"She said you could see and hear and feel Jesus in your soul. I believed her†¦ So I sat there calmly in the hot, crowded church, waiting for Jesus to come to me† (n. . ). In every way, it was safe to assume that both parties and everyone else in attending the service-revival were expecting everything would go as a normal eventuality, but unfortunately, it did not. Evidently, during that fateful night, the young Langston waited for an empirical manifestation of Jesus Christ. Within him, the anticipation was built to its highest. Yet, only frustration, confusion, and even embarrassment led to his disillusionment and thus wisdom. The young Langston may have considered the possibility of the animated demonstration of all faith, prayer, and song to having lost all its divine potency. He may also have considered later on that everything might have been staged, especially when all of the children, but him and another boy, have not been saved. Also, from the other boy, Westley, expressing a solution and rather reacting discreetly and violently at the same time seemed nonsense to him. The young Langston’s personal definition of salvation then was sincerely expecting an appearance to be saved, not to be standing from the mourner’s bench and automatically being hailed as saved by those in attendance. In comparison to what he was expecting, the actual process just did not qualify as deliverance. He was expecting something more divine, miraculous even. As the young Langston was lost in translation and clouded by even more confusion, though in derailed hopes, he still simply wanted to wait for Jesus’ arrival. As the long wait allowed only a stalemate outcome and time to stand still, the concern of salvation for a young Langston shifted to saving face in public. When he decided to be once and for all saved, those who were in attendance erupted in sheer praise and glee. All of which, he did not seem to simply appreciate the value, if any, because he was still tight holding to his personal understanding of what should have happen—a physical materialization of Christ. In every sense imaginable, for a child, a letdown of such proportions can only bring frustration and disappointment. In all of this, the evidence of being ultimately disenchanted was the night after the revival-service, when a young Langston concluded that Jesus did not appear, neither to save nor help him. Thus, in all its simplicity, he bears wisdom to question, to wonder, and to consider the untraditional, the other side of things. In an early age, he was brought into a realm of possibilities all of which he can compare, contrast, choose to believe in or not, and all else in between. Works Cited Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Salvation.† Spiritwatch Ministries.1 September 2003. 27 January 2009. http://www.spiritwatch.org/firelangsave.htm. Santayana, George. â€Å"George Santayana Quotes.†Famous-Proverbs.com. 2008. 28 January 2009 http://www.famous-proverbs.com/Santayana_Quotes.htm.

Ethics Game Reflective Journal Essay

Nursing has evolved throughout the years. Gone are the days that the existence of nursing geared towards following the orders of senior members on the profession and initiation of routine procedures. In today’s nursing, nurses are valued and needed for their reasoning as well as intellectual skills. The changes in nursing require the desire to be more responsible and contributory to the wellbeing of those that needed care. These changes led to more complex ethical dilemmas that nurses’ encounter. This paper aims to provide a reflection on the Ethical Dilemmas presented on the Ethics Game Simulation, the decision-making steps taken to address the ethical issues, how the ethical concepts influenced the decisions made, and the application of the ethical concepts to a medical-surgical unit. The Case of the Troubled Teen This case illustrates Rachel Banks a 16 year-old teenager who got pregnant out of wedlock and currently on her tenth hour of labor on the OB/GYN unit at Seva Medical Center. She’s accompanied by her parents. Rachel’s parents are instructing the staff nurses to withhold the pain medication as punishment for getting pregnant before getting married. Since Rachel Banks is a minor, legally, the parents can decide for her. The nurses are concerned due to the possible detrimental health effects that the situation can cause to Rachel and her unborn baby, Lily. The nurses also became aware that the parents may not be fully educated on the consequences of their decision. In order to make an ethical decision on this case, I used the Baird Decision Model which provided five frameworks: Step 1: Be attentive, Step 2: Be Intelligent, Step 3: Be Reasonable, Step 4: Be Responsible, and Step 5: Be Reflective (University of Phoenix, 2013). The main issue in this case is how to ensure that Rachel and the baby get appropriate and timely medical care. I reviewed the e-mails and communications gathered in order to get a picture of the situation and see that the best possible solution arise. Upon understanding the main issue of this case, I’ve identified that the primary stakeholders includes; Rachel Banks, her parents, her unborn child, the staff nurse, and the primary nurse because they will be impacted on the decisions made in this situation. After identifying the main issue and the primary stakeholders, using the rights/responsibilities lens I was able to identify that my obligations and duties includes providing the best possible care to Rachel Banks and her unborn child, not to accommodate parents who are harming their child, and also support my staff’s professional improvement. On the results lens, I was able to recognize what would create the greatest good for the greatest number of stakeholders which was to involve the nurses and the parents in assessing need for medication intervention and also provide information for aftercare support and education. I believe that the decision made on this scenario benefits both the patient and her family. By involving the parents in the assessment of Rachel’s medical needs, conflict is alleviated and thus, creates a positive outcome. The Case of the Policies and Politics This case is about Alain Trottier, a patient brought in the emergency room by his domestic partner, Yves. Alain was admitted to the ICU unit and has been unconscious. The day- shift supervisor, Carlotta Baldwin is preventing Yves from seeing the patient and refuses provide information regarding the patient because he is not an actual family member. However, according to the hospital policy, domestic partners are to be treated as married couples for the purposes of access and, most importantly, when it must be determined who can make medical decisions for a patient unable to give their own consent. My duty as the nurse taking care of Alain is to identify the critical issue in this situation which is the equal treatment and access of gay partners at Seva Medical Center as equal to those of straight couples. Upon identifying this as the main issue, it is easier to analyze the problem. Again, the following stakeholders were identified: Alain Trottier (patient), Yves (domestic partner), C arlotta Baldwin, RN (shift supervisor), Amelia Flinch (Director of Nursing), the shareholders of the hospital, and lastly, I the staff nurse taking care of Alain. This scenario has led to the identification of relationship lens. The relationship lens focuses on the community. The main concern of this lens is to provide basic liberties to all people (University of Phoenix, 2013). The three rights represented in this case were: right to participate in decision-making for an unconscious family member, right to have hospital policy regarding participation by family members implemented, and right to be informed that your interpretation of hospital policy is inaccurate. I believe that these rights are the major component of this lens because it focuses on the patient, family, and healthcare providers. Upon understanding the basic rights related to this situation, the following actions such as educating all employees with hospital policies, establishing a taskforce to make sure that the policies are put into practice and conducting yearly audits to make sure that the policies are implemented. These actions will ensure that the patient will benefit greatly on the policies placed on the facility. Lastly, the reputation lens discusses the virtues important for leadership; core competencies such as managing diversity, problem-solving, self-knowledge, decision quality and fairness. These values are important because of the overall positive effect that it can bring to the patient and the facility. My final decision in this case is to note on Alain’s chart that Yves is to be given access and treated as family. Speak to Carlotta about my decision and let my supervisor know. I believe that this decision has no risk. This decision has demonstrated that I am fully knowledgeable on the hospital policies and also implementing what I know for the benefit of my patient. By assuring equal access will likely improve the hospital’s status in the community. Lastly, by informing Carlotta Baldwin and the supervisor know of the decision can be a message that further education is needed for all employees to be more aware and knowledgeable of the hospital policies. Ethical Dilemma at a Medical-Surgical Unit I’ve been working as a RN at a medical-surgical unit for almost a year now. I still consider myself as a novice nurse and I feel that I haven’t been exposed to a lot of ethical dilemmas. However, I believe that pain management or providing pain relief can be an ethical dilemma for any nurse. The ethical issue is this: can we as nurses undertreat a patient’s pain because we are concerned about the repercussions or because we know that the patient is addicted to the medication. I believe when challenging situations like this arise, I need to be conscious of my own biases and make evidence-based decisions that can provide optimal treatment to the patient. By not being judgmental, I can fully assess what would benefit my patient greatly and include him/her on the treatment plan- giving autonomy. By including the patient I can also decrease the harm because I will have a better understanding of what will work best for my patient, and lastly, by hindering my biases I will be able to treat my patient’s pain in a non-discriminating way possible. As nurses continues to encounter complex ethical dilemmas as the profession and society gears forward, we must still go back on the foundation of nursing in accordance to the mission of Florence Nightingale; nurses are missioners of health dedicated to the advancement of human welfare. References: University of Phoenix. (2013). Ethics Game Simulation [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS478 website.