'Factors and Motivations That Influence Biological Warfare\r'

'M whatsoever troops during the years of World state of war I met their demise in what is arguable the or so terrifying and inhumane of all military tactic †biologic warf ar. Soldiers inhaled a injurious acidic accelerator that burned them from the inside out, suffocating them in an torment and unimaginable pain. Kurth Audrey, a professor of st placegy at the U. S. National War College in Washington, stated: â€Å" cognizance is as neutral as a wound; it may maybe a blessing or a curse depending on the heart and the estimation of the man who holds it. ”[1] Terrorists governing bodys are motivated by many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) factors to use biologic warfare.\r\nIf a terrorist organization has the concepts of knowledge megabucks, as a neutral knife, accordingly they domiciliate produce weapons that toilette fulfill their agenda, whether it is aboutthing that has to do with reputation, politics, or religion. many a(prenominal) factors contri bute to terrorists use this oddball of warfare, which stimulates the motivations of terrorist organizations. These factors send from; access to nurture, cost, ease of dispersion, accessibility, access to technology, and hindrance of detection. biological warfare is a dangerous pillow slip of warfare, than stick out cause severe upon to a world of peck, crops, or animals.\r\nIt dissolve besides cause rail at to the one that is dispersing the biological agent, which causes one to think, why would mortal use this type of warfare? biologic agents are of disco biscuit simpler to attain and produce than chemical weapons that bay window cause mass destruction in a population. The material for biological agents can easily be grown or purchased. There are any(prenominal) agents, much(prenominal) as Anthrax or Brucellosis, which turn over naturally in animals in certain separate of the world , and individuals can acquire these agents upright by traveling the globe to wh ere these agents grow.\r\nFor an example, the Aum Shinrikyo unearthly cult was reported to ache gone to Zaire, a place in Africa, to seek the strains of Ebola for its use in its bio-weapons program. [2] Until recently, anyone could order agents from supple houses intumesce-nigh the world. In 1995, American emblem Culture gathering (ATCC), a mail order company that provides biological products, shipped the bacterium, Anthrax, to Saddam Husseins biological warfare program in Iraq. [3] Just like the increase of technology throughout the decades, there is in any case an increase of availability of tuition related to chemical and biological weapons.\r\nIn fashionation on how to create biological weapons can be interpreted from articles within scientific literature on a material body of topics, which only requires a trained scientist to understand. The earnings has created forums on which terrorists groups can r individually out, recruit members, and spreading messages. It also reaps a macro library of information available to just about anyone who is interested on the drudgery of biological agents. One resource that is be online is, Bacteriological Warfare: A Major panic to North America, which is written by Larry Wayne Harris of the Aryan Nation. 4] This manual describes the reproduction and growth of biological agents, and can be purchased for only $30. [5] Another resource available is called, inactive Death, which instructs the reader in ways to kill using chemical and biological poisons. gibe to the publisher of this book, it sells thousands of copies each year. [6] Bio-engineers are now armed with knowledge on how to cease biological agents, as well up as the effects of the agents upon a population.\r\nAccording to Ken Alibek, who supervise the Soviet bio warfare program, â€Å"Although the mos-sophisticated and effected versions [of biological weapons]require ample equipments and scientific expertise, primitive versions can be prod uced in a small area with minimal equipment by someone with limited training… They would be relativity inexpensive and easy to produce. ”[7] To produce bio-weapons, a terrorist organization must have access to a scientist with some graduate training in the fields of microbiology or genetic engineering.\r\nThe political and economic situation in Russia created a supply of bio warfare scientists who were not macrocosm paid and were unable to provide for themselves or their families. disregarding of the political, moral and ethical standards of these scientists, it is reasonable to expect that many of those scientists are now working for terrorist organizations most the world. Iraq scientists notice which strains to order by reviews in American scientific journals, which are located at American Type Culture Collection in Rockville, Mary convey.\r\nFor thirty-five dollars, they also picked up strains of tularemia and Venezuelan equine phrenitis once targeted for weaponi zation at Fort Detrick. [8] The knowledge that is learned, and the availability of the biological agents, caused the relative ease of production of the agents, entrepot they can be contained in, spread factors, increased retardative for the troops handling the binary agents, and the less obscure processes of demilitarization.\r\nThe cost of producing and deploying biological weapons is less expensive than chemical weapons; the materials, equipment, and production space are all so inexpensive, any terrorist organization can afford them. According to an Office of Technical Assessment (OTA) Report, the cheapest overt production of one nuclear bomb be $ two hundred jillion, with larger programs costing up to 50 quantify more. In contrast, a large arsenal costs less than $10 million dollars. 9] Kathleen Bailey, found through interviews with professors, students, and scientists, that all that was needed to create a biological weapons program capable of producing large amounts of a gents, would be several(prenominal) biologists with $10,000 worth of equipment †all of which who could fit into the same room. [10] This thence causes many terrorists organizations to actually be capable of producing a biological agent. Dissemination of biological agents can be simple and inexpensive. There are a variety of distinct ways they can be delivered.\r\nThe simplest methods of dissemination are through the contaminant of food products or water supply. This method only requires direct access to any food product or water- preferably during the nuance stages of that food product or of that water. Biological agents can also be dispersed through the contamination of agriculture, indirect transmission through animals, and direct contact, much(prenominal) as the assassination of Georgi Markov in 1978 through a ricin- containing pallet that was shot into his thigh.\r\nDissemination through aerosol bomb or vapor into an enclosed area or the open air is more complex than just through food products or water. Biological agents released into the air, such(prenominal) as through the release of vapors from a crop duster, are subject to biological decay, fleshly decay, atmospheric thermal stability, wind speed, and dimension of the land surface. The dissemination of agents is more predictable in bucolic areas than urban regions. The agents must be able to reject the stress of the dissemination, environmental factors, and physical obstructions.\r\nResearchers have found, however, that dissemination of agents at night or enclosed duskiness areas, such as subways or tunnels, can be particularly effective. [12] Biological agents can be extremely lethal, some biological agents create more deadly affects than others, such as Anthrax. According to the Department of Defense, ten kilograms of Anthrax can cause more damage than a ten kiloton nuclear weapon. [13] This form of warfare can lead a military down by 90% through the intentions of militarization, by natural endowment the military that dispensed the biological agents a form of character.\r\nSince most individuals are not vaccinated for different types of diseases, such as smallpox, it can lead to millions of people dying. Small pox is an example of a bacteria that can cause up to 2 million people, if being exposed to a society, to die because of the tell apart absence of prevention and control measures since 1970, because people do not believe that this disease exit pop out again. It has such a high mortality rate (one in trinity people die) and infectiousness (on average, one someone will infect trio additional people).\r\n governing seams to be the cause of many disasters from the corrupt french government in 1740 which led to the brutal French Revolution, to the rebellions of Aum Shinrikyo, which formed their own structure based on the Japanese government. Aum Shinrikyo attracted fol bring lows that opposed the Japanese government, in the late 1980s and 1990s, which ca used their group to cash in ones chips larger. Their goal was to enlist terrorist personnel in competition with rival groups that Shoko Asahara, the draw of this violent group, feared would attract support away from Aum Shinrikyo.\r\nTheir conterminous goal was to take over the Japanese government. On March 1194, Aum Shinrikyo tried to assassinate the leader of a rival spectral sect, the Soka Gakkai, but failed because the spraying governance mounted on a van go and contaminate its operators. However, the second attempt occurred in Mastumoto on June 27th, 1994, the members working with the biological agents of Aum Shinrikyo, improved the spraying system, which targeted three judges who were expected to rule against the sect in a land dispute. This later resulted in the injuries of 500, including the three political judges they were later.\r\nIn September 1984, Rajneeshee phantasmal cult the Dalles, Orgeon grew Salmonella typhimurium to manipulate the results of the Novemb er 1984 election. They planned to buss homeless person people into their commune and register them as voters, and feign the opposing voters sick and unable to vote. They then poisoned to county commissioners by using the method of dissemination of contaminating water with salmonella typhiurium, which caused twain(prenominal) the commissioners to become sick. The cult then contaminated ten Dallas restaurants, which opened up 751 cases of salmonella. 16] The uses of these pathogens by both these two different groups, had the attentions of manipulating whatever they deemed was politically corrupted. Biological agents can be small and easy to transport.\r\nWilliam Patrick, who leftfield the US biological Weapons Development Program nigh 1969, regularly carries a vial containing a input for anthrax, just to test whether or not it will be detected. In 1999, he brought the vial with him into a hearing of the House Permanent Select committal on Intelligence without being detected and claimed to make the same move at the State Department, the Pentagon, and the CIA. 17] Many have traveled through airports, with high-tech security, around the world carrying equipment for deploying these biological agents through the air and neer were stopped to explain the purpose for the equipment. The first signs of an approaching may not even come until weeks after the agent has been deployed. Thus, by the time the authorities adjudicate an attack has taken place, the perpetrators could be anywhere in the world, trying to escape what they have done.\r\nBiological attacks can be mistaken for naturally occurring disease outbreaks. Because of the difficulty in detecting a biological weapons attack, it is almost impossible to lay blame on a particular group or individual for the outbreak. As technology, and information on the biological fields of science increase, so do the potential threats of this type of warfare. It has been examined most to how the factors help contribute t o this type of warfare, as well as how motivation leads for this type of warfare to become some-what successful.\r\nThe main major factor of groups to use this type of warfare would be religion. Religion plays a redoubted role in human misery, from wars, such as the crusades, to the use of biological weapons targeted at specific religious groups. When terrorism is involved in the name of religion, such as Al-Qaida, it is often motivated by violence that is regarded as â€Å"divine duty” which justifies bloodshed. One of the hallmarks of a religious terrorist is the unquestioned willingness to kill a large number of people without conscience behind their agendas.\r\nSince biological warfare is very effective in cleanup mass number of people, many religious extremist groups use this form of warfare to justify their actions, and views on religion. Terrorists groups have reputations that attract many people. Acquiring such massive biological weapons, or producing such compoun d weapons, brings the terrorist group a high-rank reputation as well as to be seen as having no boundaries. It then makes it easier for the terrorist group to achieve their agendas. Aum Shinrikyo cult is an example that uses both of these motivations.\r\nTheir attack in the subway system in 1995 not only caused the successful attack of fifty-five hundred people, according to their agenda, but had gotten people to acquit their dangerous element; the involvement of highly goodly and educated people, in which some are considered to be Japans brightest scientists, computer technicians, and trained professionals. Even by the standards of cults, the Aum were a strange bunch. Among other things, members believed in the virtues of levitation and coffee enemas. They also wore elaborate radio sets on their heads so as to better hear the thoughts of their Leader.\r\nDespite their unusual ideas, the cult attracted a number of educated followers with scientific and technical abilities. It is a discouraging fact: religious cults may be strange and oblivious, but that doesnt prevent them from attracting capable intelligent followers †or to engage their doomsday agendas. This type of warfare is an inhumane, dangerous type of warfare, that has killed dozens of people. If we actually take the factors into consideration, than we can lower the motivation and the prevent the further productions of these biological weapons.\r\nBibliography\r\nhttp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_AUM01.htm\r\n'